Mcdonalds Cross Culture

As the world's population Increases and we become a Global society due to the increase In technology, more and more companies are doing business on a global scale. As business Increases Individuals Involved In cross border business alliances have had to have a greater understanding of other cultures to aid in the sustainability of business relationships.From the way business is conducted in other cultures to the way organizations are structured, an understanding of these cultures will inevitably help build businesses and provide positive aspects and a greater willingness to interact from the other ultras we aim to do business with. With the Increase In technology, global working and commuting, countries like England, which has a vast cosmopolitan society, has a greater awareness of other cultures.This Is due to the way we interact as friends, the sharing of other countries foods and the embracing of all that Is good In other cultures Is a rich source of the cross cultural awareness a nd understanding. We now look at the way McDonald's has managed to create a global empire that has taken into account other cultures and how this has aided the Corporation to become major global fast food retailer.Aims and Objectives * Identification of issues In Cross Cultural Organizations * Evaluation of diversity of workforce In various countries ; Analysis of the theories related to Cross Cultural Management * To take a look at the management skills required in a Cross Cultural Organization * To explore and identify the skills, attributes and knowledge needed to be a manager in a cross cultural environment * To look at management approaches for breaking emerging markets * Identify a Strategy for Cross Cultural Organizations Methodology me oenology uses Tort Investigating tons case study was purely researcher Vela secondary research.This included reading books, Journals and websites Culture What is Culture? ‘The sum total of knowledge, attitudes and habitual behavior patte rns shared and transmitted by the members of a particular society Ralph Linton 1940 There are various types of cultures in society, some are listed below: Corporate Culture This is the classed as organization culture or the way an organization does things and how they expect things to be carried out. Sub-culture This is a group having social, economic, ethnic, or other traits extinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.Multicultural This is classed as pertaining to, or representing several different cultures or cultural elements for example a multicultural society. Culture Shock This is the state of bewilderment experienced by an individual who is suddenly exposed to a new, strange, or foreign social and cultural environment. Cultured This is a person who has an awareness of other cultures and may have experienced diversification of cultures first hand. A person who is educated through life experiences rather than by studying academically.Use c ulture shock in a Sentence See images of culture shock Search culture shock on the Web Logistical and Managerial Issues for Cross Cultural Organizations Charles Handy in his book Understanding Organizations (1993) refers to organizational cultures as tribes saying: ‘The greater the size of an organization, the greater the amount of tribes. ‘ The primary problems that may be encountered when dealing with Logistical and Managerial issues within cross cultural organizations are: * Values * Norms * Ideas/Beliefs * Attitudes * Traditions Religion * Lifestyle * HistoryThe way one issue is handled in one country maybe handled totally differently in another country. There is a clear divide between both Western and Non-western ideas as well as society norms, values and religion. In McDonald's an awareness and understanding of other cultures has been a winning factor in the development and rise of the fast food chain. Understanding cultures of the Far East, Middle East and Europe have helped the organization develop as a leader in the field it operates within.Logistically the McDonald's have had to understand the values that are held in entries like India where it is a ‘crime' to kill and eat a cow as this is classed as a sacred and holy animal. So much so that the cow is worshipped as a provider of milk, not meat, which is quite different to the west who have beef as a staple part of a fast food menu in McDonald's and various other fast food chains. In India McDonald's employed Just one franchisee in the whole of a country that has a population that is touching the 1 Billion mark.This was due to the fact that the franchisee was a person who has lived and worked in India for over arrears and has a greater understanding f the culture than an outside westerner. This Cross Cultural awareness is what has made McDonald's such a popular brand in India since being introduced in the sass's. In addition to this the use of pork is forbad in India as the pig is c lassed as unclean or Harm by the Muslim population in India. Though only small in size, McDonald's saw this as an issue and removed pork from the menu that was due to be implemented in India.Managerial issues that are relevant in one country may not be relevant in another. For example, in England the Manager on the shop floor in McDonald's works closely tit the shop floor staff as they are seen by the Junior employees as part of a team and this is addressed in the Management training that is part of the induction as a manager. In India however the whole of society is based on a class system even though this has been outlawed since the last century. However the enforcement of this class system is self propagated and the divide between the upper and lower classes is substantial.The manager will tend to be based in an office on site and will expect his delegates to manage the day-to-day running of the franchise without the manager's continual input. This gives responsibility to the del egate but also makes them aware of the social place where they belong. The lower classes are rarely given senior Jobs despite education standards which maybe higher among individuals. The majority of lower classes will hold positions as cleaners or doormen.Cross cultural management issues don't seem to create issues logistically or managerially as the McDonald's corporation main business is not done across borders. The supply of the product is done within the franchise country where social status and norms are already understood and accepted by those being employed. Areas of Consideration Regarding Culture Douglas McGregor X & Y Theory Douglas McGregor suggests that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people: * Theory X * Theory Y The majority of managers tend towards Theory X, and generally get poor results.Lifted and more conscious managers use Theory Y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory X (Authoritarian Manag ement Style) * Most people dislike work and will avoid it they can. * As a consequence of the above statement most people must be forced with the wreath of punishment to work towards ‘organizational' goals and objectives. * Most people prefer to be directed and delegated. This will avoid personal responsibility and leaves the employee relatively ambitious, and most Just want security above anything else.Theory Y (Participative Management Style) * People will apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives, without external control or the threat of punishment. * Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement. * People usually accept and often seek responsibility. The capacity to use a high degree of imagination, ingenuity and creativity in solving organizational problems is widely, not narrowly, distributed in the population The McDonald's organization has a modern approach to the theory and practice of mana gement.One of the primary aspects of its well balanced management style is the majority of the management that run franchises around the world are developed through the organization rather than outside management being brought in. This is largely due to Ray Crock's theory that a person needs to be able to see the placement possibilities that are available to them. Employment mobility is an important factor in the development of a person.They need a participative management style as defined in ‘Theory Y above to be of benefit to the company and themselves Alienation via authoritative management approaches can have a detrimental effect ions TTT moral as well as Atlanta gal. Tort ten Dustless Owe to lack AT reoccurring business as customers can pick up on a poorly run and unenthusiastic workforce. Abraham Mascots Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Mascots hierarchy of needs has been used as a basis by many academic scholars within the study of motivation.They are adaptations of Mascots t heory that include additional tiers within the model, however the original concept devised by Moscow is solely inclusive of the five tiers listed below, from top to bottom: * Self Actualization – Personal growth and fulfillment * Esteem Needs – Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation * Belongingness ; Love Needs – Family, affection, relationships, work group * Safety Needs – Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability * Biological and Physiological needs – Basic life needs, air, food, drink shelter, armor, sleep, sex etc Mascots theory sees the lower part of the needs, Biological and Physiological as needs that need to be satisfied first, once these have been satisfied only then can the needs further up the scale or pyramid be satisfied.Self actualization at the top can only be fulfilled if the lower parts of the scale are satisfied, if these aren't satisfied the satisfaction of the upper tier become irrelevant. Modern organization are now realizing that sustained success is achievable. Once it is realized that the unequivocal support giving to employees will help achieve the Eng term fulfillment, and will help them realism their own personal potential. Managers need to understand that the Biological & Physiological needs need to be fulfilled so that a person can start satisfying needs, the basics of life need stability for a person. Then moving up the pyramid only then can a person start thinking about their ‘Esteem and Self Actualization needs'.This however may vary in countries like India, Pakistan and other poorer countries, where all of the lower needs may not be fulfilled due to lack of finances and thus the Esteem & Self Actualization needs may be stronger through the adversity of being poor and wanting to succeed and develop. A manager for McDonald's need to have an understanding of his employees needs and empathic with their situation particularly in Asian countries where the divide in classes i s evident. The manager needs to motivate and manage even through everyday adversity to ensure that a person has a sense of belonging and that the TTY Is Torment Vela ten employment. On a more senior level regarding area management or even continent management a manager needs to understand that-?:Strategic Decisions are made for what is best for both the Customer and the Employee, and also the management style has to take into account and be consistent with a customer and employees diversity of cultures and values. They need to have a caring approach towards company as well as the employees. The senior manager needs to inspire trust among their workforce and have a greater understanding of the multicultural cosmopolitan world that we live in today. Strategic decisions need to be made by taking into account the recipient countries culture and the manager must use this to act and develop constructively when immunization across borders. The transferring of this knowledge needs to be use d when doing business in an organization that is building on a global scale and that crosses national borders and diversity of cultures.Challenges for Global Managers Stereotyping and Ethnocentrism ‘If individuals of a specific nationality are confronted with negative rather than positive stereotypes of themselves by other nationalities these individuals will not recognize themselves in the profile made'. (Browsers ; Price 2008) Stereotyping is defined as making assumption of another culture or country through unrepresentative generalizations which have been associated with the culture and country as a whole. This can mean for instance that all Chinese eat rice and work in payday fields and that all Indians eat curry and live in big extended families. These statements are unrepresentative of the country and are classed as sweeping statements based on what a few people do.Ethnocentrism is classed as a belief in the intrinsic superiority of the nation, culture, or group to which one belongs, often accompanied by feelings of dislike for other groups Inevitability this will result in some form of prejudice and discrimination as a feeling f superiority is held by when a culture or country is Ethnocentrism. Misconstrued preconceptions and false stereotyping can have a profound effect on an individual by resulting in having a lower self esteem issue as talked about by Moscow and can result in alienation from a group. This is detrimental to both the well being of the individual as well as the wellbeing of the company. Errata Areas to De consoler By a Manager * Cross Cultural Awareness and Understanding * Knowledge of various cultures norms and beliefs * Eradication of stereotyping and addressing employee as an individual not a ultra bias * Elimination of Ethnocentrism as this can breed alienation and hatred * Development of own awareness and deletion of self prejudices Hypotheses Cultural Framework Greet Hefted is a Dutch social psychologist who carried out a pi oneering study of cultures across modern nations. This study was created in order for organizations to recognize and benefit from knowledge of how the various cultures around the world address issues and how interacting across nations with different cultures can be made easier by a greater understanding of these diverse cultures. Greet Hefted created a Framework or Dimension that helped compare the cultures from various nations and he used the below sections to help compare these nations using a Cultural Indices. â€Å"Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster. † Proof. Greet Hefted.Applying the Dimensions to Countries Around the World Confucian Dynamism Confucianism is not a religion it is a collection of pragmatic rules of daily life. â€Å"In practical terms Confucianism refers to a long-term versus a short-term orientation in life† Greet Hefted McDonald's (USA) versus Countries From around the World Austria Brazil Australia China Denmark Italy Poland As can be seen from the charts above there is a large contrast within the indices for various countries and cultures around the world when compared with the USA. Western countries like Australia show a correlation of cultures with the USA, whereas there is a large disparity between eastern and western cultures with countries like China and India.Strategies for Managers in Organizations With Cross Cultural Issues The main Strategy that should be employed to aid in organizations with Cross Cultural issues are: An introduction into ‘Equality and Diversity by ensuring that every employee has participated in a course covering this area. * Senior management should look at also how a course like the ones offered by Greet Hefted regarding his Cultural Framework can be used to help break new emerging markets. This will also help to gain a better understanding of existing established markets and how the services can be improved to gain effectiveness and efficiency. * Establish Corporate ‘Equality and Diversity Champions that will instill the values of fairness and understanding of other cultures that are part of the corporate business.Ensure that the recruitment of staff, particularly managers are done correctly and effectively by the Human Resource management department by placing an emphasis on Cultural Diversity as key criteria for selection. * Ensure that the retention of key staff is paramount for the business, particularly Equality and Diversity Champions as these are the propagators of the corporate aim to achieve cultural awareness. * Use Key indicators to help monitor the effectiveness of the Equality and Diversity course being implemented. Quantify this information to evaluate if improvements re required, whether all cultural interactions are represented by this course and monitor future and refresher courses.Conclusion when McDonald's was Torment In ten sass's an ten corporation relents were Drought out by the founder Ray Crock his main emphasis was to duplicate his franchise idea not only across the United States, but also across the world. How big this realization was at the time is quite modestly spoken about in Ray Crock's autobiography. The growth of McDonald's was done incrementally rather than a franchise explosion across the world and it was Ray Crock's values and visions that help get the brand name associated with quality. This was widely accepted as the norm in the USA and when a customer visited a McDonald's they knew what they were to receive on the menu.Breaking into the international market placed a greater emphasis of understanding cultural practices of the new franchise country, and what foods would be accepted as being part of the menu. In addition to this the senior management of McDonald's USA needed to gain a greater understanding of how the new culture they were to sell their food to would take to the menu. Adaptations had to made, and certain foods had to be removed from the menu in astern and far eastern countries. Worldwide McDonald's had a major diversification in their labor force. This diversity had to be represented in the training and practices that McDonald's employed in various countries and this was primary dealt with by continent managers of these areas e. G. Europe, Asia and South America.The staff who work in the franchises were trained according to regional customs and traditions and various foods available in the western world were seen as Harm for these countries, so adaptations had to be made. As the company grew incrementally these countries were fully researched so a ultra awareness was available to the corporation. Differences were recognized by the corporation so these had to addressed so that advertising and marketing was appropriate. Cultural sensitivity and elimination of stereotyping and prejudice had to be taken into account. Individuals from various cultures are motivated and concerned with various things that needed to be understood by the management of McDonald's to ensure that no alienation was created.

How Does the Policing of the Past Compare to Present Techniques Essay

There are many way how the history of policing is related to community policing. Some way that the history of policing is related to community policing is better than others. Well as we know that community policing focuses on crime and social disorder through the delivery of police services that includes aspects of traditional law enforcement, as well as prevention, problem solving, community engagement, and partnerships. Community policing also model balances reactive responses to call for service with proactive problem solving centered on the causes of crime and disorder. Community policing requires police and citizens to join together as partners. The community policing had a strong history, during the history of policing. Community police increased interest in how to best involve citizens in the crime problems solution. They also increased experimentation on methods for preventing crime, including a number of studies on the impact of foot patrol. Community policing and variation on it have became the operating philosophy and underlie much of police practice today. Moreover, community policing has became a powerful organizing theme that continues to shape how police departments deliver services, particularly at the local level of government. The history of community policing began to relate to policing in the beginning in the early 1970s, police began to experiment with ways that putted them into closer interaction with the public. But, the community relation movement had begun in the late 1940’s and into the 1950’s. This then influenced this transition for policing, as did the rise of alternative forms of policing such as team policing. In both the community relations movement and team policing, there was an attempt to create more public support for the police, while at the same time providing them with a clearer role in community public safety.

Reflection on Learning and Teaching Adults with depression Essay

Reflection on Learning and Teaching Adults with depression - Essay Example This means that they may not be in a position to take the appropriate diet and thus find themselves deficient of essential nutrients that their body requires. This means that their bodies may not recover from the mental problems and will also develop other nutrition related ailments that will cause them more problems to their health. This teaching session was based on wellbeing and nutrition and was being offered to five adults over the age of 65 suffering from depression and who are at risk of malnutrition. Aims and Outcomes All initiatives have aims that they wish to accomplish. In conducting the teaching session we aimed at several things. First the teaching session was aimed at giving the people information as concerns their health and well-being. It is important that sick people get to understand what they are suffering from so that they are better able to deal with their problems. Many authors say that psychological well-being of a person is very important to their recovery. Th us when people understand what they are suffering from, it is easier for them to positive about the things they are told to do and in so doing they are able to get well as soon as possible. This teaching therefore aimed at informing about the effects that depression brings on adults and how they could avoid being depressed and the available options in place that could help them. Second aim after information concerning the illness was teaching them on the various interventions that are available for them as patients suffering from depression. Our core concern was the people’s well-being and thus they needed to know what interventions are there to ensure that they can cope with the mental problem. A variety of options were given to them here including specialized hospitals, possible medications and primary interventions such as a stress free environment. The third aim was getting them to learn about their nutrition and how it was important to their development as patients. Depr essed patients tend to think a lot and lack appetite and thus the resultant effects may not be good. These people require close monitoring so that they can take food and in the right quantities so that they do not starve or take unbalanced diet. Our intended outcomes for the initiative was a detailed understanding by the patients on the ailment that they are suffering from, the various interventions that are available for them and the various nutritional requirements that they need it order to recover from their ailments. Due to the lack of concentration by the patients, it is important to teach them using tools that attract their attention and thus a lot of animations were used and a number of role playing tasks were also used to enable the patients concentrate while learning at the same time. It was also important that the patients be put in a room to avoid their minds wandering away in an open environment. Professional ethics were also to be observed such that the session was sup posed to be carried out with the consent of the patients and this was something that was difficult to get given the condition of the patients. Evaluation of sources of information used Nice (2010:17) describes depression as â€Å"

Tracing Dimensions of Changing Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tracing Dimensions of Changing Culture - Essay Example The book is a collection of seven short stories beginning with â€Å"Girl with Lizard†, which tells about a boy and his obsession and desire for a mysterious painting he inherited from his parents, which drove him to unconsciously ruin his relationships with women while discovering his parent’s dark past. â€Å"A Little Fling†, a story about a husband’s political betrayal of his wife for her sake, a wife’s betrayal of her husband to spite him, the narrator’s betrayal of his friend as a result of his own naivety, and the revelation, which destroyed the intimate relationship they all shared. â€Å"The Other Man†, a story, which recounts a man’s discovery of his late wife’s affair and his realization about the truth of his marriage. The middle story, â€Å"Sugar Peas†, tells about a narcissistic man balancing his relationships with three women. â€Å"The Circumcision†, which tells of the relationship between a German man and a Jewish girl in New York, is a foray into the sensitive topic of the division caused by their culture and religion. â€Å"The Son†, on the other hand, tells of filial love, described in a dramatic fashion. The book then ends with â€Å"Woman at the Gas Station†; which narrates of a man and his decision to leave his wife. All these stories are bound by the themes of betrayal brought about by obsession, desperation, and historical circumstance – all because of and in spite of love. The themes, embodied in Flights of Love are best exemplified in his opening story â€Å"Girl with Lizard†.

Organizational Behavior, can managers be overcommitted Surprisingly Essay

Organizational Behavior, can managers be overcommitted Surprisingly - Essay Example Usually, their next action is to issue another set of orders reinforced by penalties in case of further disobedience. Meanwhile, the discussion of the problems initiated often helps better and saves the nerves of both managers and their subordinates. Dick Spencer, the plant manager at Modrow from the case study obviously has faced the same problem as stated above. When ordering a foreman to bent the scrap strips instead of cutting them, he did not listen to contradictions of a foreman. Moreover, the agreement of a foreman was forced. Dick Spencer uses an authoritative leadership style, demanding obedience and being deaf to alternative opinions. Of course, this type of managerial behaviour pays well when a manager has a clear vision of the problem, and knows how to deal with it. Nevertheless, authoritative managers think they have a clear vision way to often compared to cases when they really have it. In this case, his management style failed him, as once again he saw workers cutting the strips, and therefore disobeying his orders. And for once more, he refused listening to the opinion of a foreman. No wonder, that his order was disobeyed for the third time. Let us imagine, how would another manager with different leadership style reacted to solve the problem. Bill Gates seems to be a proper candidate, as his managerial style is renowned for encouraging suggestions from all ranks and debate all ideas. His participative behaviour would lead to the discussion of the problem with the foreman, which is that cutting strips of scrap is less efficient and costs more than bending them. The contradictions of a foreman would have been listened, and compromises would have been reached. As can be seen, listening to foreman complaints and criticism seems to be not a bad idea in the end. Of course, it would have taken more time than assigning an order, but in this case the assignment would have been completed without further reminders more likely. Of course, the discussion may have turned into the other way: it is impossible to bend scrap strips for some reason of technological matter; - therefore no cost reduction can be expected in this activity. Still it would have brought the useful knowledge. Bob Eckert, a successful manager at Mattel can serve as a useful comparison of managerial styles. Like Dick Spencer, Eckert never changed his management principles. However, when reviewing the annual incentive plan at Mattel, he found that targets were set unrealistically high: employee bonuses were clearly unattainable. The dilemma he faced was: should he stick to his management principle of never altering targets once they had been set, or instead adjust them, make them attainable and perhaps win employee commitment Eckert has chosen the second way and won in the end: employers realised that he was on their side and re-doubled their commitment to the company's turnaround. (Eckert, 2001) Another aspect of Spencer's leadership style is his habit to roam the factory and listen to his employees. True, this gives a senior manager additional information about their organisation and shortens the distance between executives and workers. However, this characteristic does not go in line with manager's authoritative style of issuing orders. Workers may be clam because they do not interact with the top manager directly, but middle managers are very

The Idea of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Idea of Change - Essay Example This strips the students of their creative power. The educator hence strives to regulate the way that the knowledge comes to the students and thus hinders their own thinking. Freire also related this banking philosophy of education to necrophily. It is mechanical thinking wherein the necrophilous person prefers memory versus experience, and having as opposed to being. It is in this act of controlling that the actual education of a person ceases. Freire offers the solution to this problem. There is a need to â€Å"transform the structure† so that the students can become â€Å"beings for themselves† instead of just being incorporated into this system. He further argues that true liberation does not alienate people and it is â€Å"not another deposit to be made†. He termed this liberation of education as â€Å"praxis,† a problem-posing education that which aims to consider people as conscious beings. As the banking system of education strives to maintain a â€Å"submersion of consciousness†, the problem-posing method aims for the â€Å"emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.† On the other hand, Richard Rodriguez wrote an essay on â€Å"The Achievement of Desrie.† In this essay, Rodriguez wrote an account of how he found himself through education, and how in doing so, his life had drastically changed. As a boy, Rodriguez recounts how he has always admired his teachers, and how he had always been passionate about books – anxious and fervent to learn. He claimed that as he was a very good student, he was also a bad one as he was a certain kind of â€Å"scholarship boy†, described by Richard Hoggart (from whom he derived the term in â€Å"The Uses of Literacy†) as a boy who shifts between environments, the home and the classroom, which are both culturally contradicting. The ideas that the classroom offers to

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 20

Reflection - Essay Example Writing has helped me discover myself about my high points from a self-evaluated point of view. I strongly rely on spoken vocabulary. I write what I can say aloud making my writing direct and easily understood by others. Right from grade1 days I was told reading a lot builds our vocabulary and the greatest speakers in the world are equally chronic readers. At a personal point of view, my reading habit has greatly helped create the writer in me since it not only nurtures my grammar but also gives me a diversified approach to different situations. In addition, I constantly listen to my writing as if it were spoken aloud. This gives rhythm to my writing. Truth is highly compromised especially where the consequences that come with telling the truth are adverse making it subjective and objective and hence will now be propaganda and not factual. As a writer, I do not subscribe to such beliefs among people since I believe a writers duty is to tell the truth no matter how gross the circumstance is or whoever forms part of the story. I have a memory strong on recognition. I am not outstanding on recall but when someone or something triggers a memory, I retrieve it all a fresh with a new enticing version of it. I regard this rather advantageous as opposed to photographic memory, which impedes the imaginative process, which is why I am glad I do not have one. For a writer I suspect that recognition is more important than recall since when a memory of an individual is buried, all types of interesting links are formed in your mind. No machine is a hundred percent efficient, and as humans our efficiency is relatively lower than that hence I greatly embrace my weaknesses as I strive to work on them. Reluctance to edit is a major hiccup I face. When I am done with my writing, my mind drifts to something else and thus not unless I am willing I end up not editing the work. I have a phobia about fiction. When it comes to creating

Class Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Class Discussion - Essay Example 1 The company should also assess what retailers prefer to shelf and if they think would be more successful. Accordingly in marketing the color and packaging of a food product needs to be as eye catching and possible. While launching a new television whether it took 2 years to build or 10 would be to market the product. The company should create awareness of the product, give knowledge and convince the people how good it is because if you have the best product in the world but the people don’t know about it, it’s bound to fail. The buyers also care about the price/value ratio of the product and if it’s out of the price range for the people they won’t buy it. So the prices should be as low as possible in the beginning to create a buzz and there needs to be investment in the form of marketing. The ideal way to market a toy would be by placing it at an end cap2 at a price range with the main competitor or a toy which is similar. The sales are analyzed at the end of the week or month and compared and accordingly the success can be measured. Selling a toy to children also means that there is no such brand loyalty so the toy can sell easily with the right colors and images on the box which the children can easily like the

Economic concepts to my personal experience Essay

Economic concepts to my personal experience - Essay Example This paper looks at how some of the microeconomic concepts can be applied to personal life and how they relate to our everyday usage regarding the goods and services. Micro economics is mainly helpful for me in making the decision on switching between the alternatives available for a particular satisfaction. To draw a balance between my budget and prices of the commodity. It certainly helps in buying decision in my personal life. For starters, let us consider the simple fact of buying and selling goods and services. When we want to buy a particular good, there are a host of factors that determine our decision and influence our purchase right from the price of the good to the quality of the good and the competitors for the brand of the product. We measure the utility of the good against the price and then take a decision regarding whether to buy it or not. If we compare the utility value of a good against the price, we would come to a fairly reasonable conclusion about maximizing utility and thus contributing to our decision to buy the good. This applies in the case of many household goods and services and can be used to determine whether a particular good ought to be bought or not. The Microeconomic theory helps in finding answers to the three basic fundamental questions for any business entity in any economy–(1) what to produce, (2) how to produce and (3) for whom to produce in order to utilize the available scarce resources efficiently. That is why the Price theory, Demand concepts and theories of Market structure are the important elements of micro economics. Microeconomic theory studies the economic behavior of individual decision-making units such as consumers, resource owners (i.e. households who provide services to the business entities in exchange of the income) and business firms in a free-enterprise economy. Proper analysis of all these 3 areas of concern helps the business entity to perform efficiently. If the business

What are the challenges in applicability of administrative law Essay - 1

What are the challenges in applicability of administrative law - Essay Example The dynamic of the collective action at the administrative level is characterized by the existence of the multiplicity of actors. The interactions among competing and opposing actors are the origin of the conflicts played in the administrative law. Some of the origins of such conflicts are: competition among political actors to assume control of the public administration; the emergency of principals of public administration at a supranational level. (The administration is required to implement these global or macro regional policies in a coherent way. In some situation, this can create conflict with elected bodies at state level) among many others. Three kinds of conflict originate from these interactions: political, institutional and economic. Political conflicts: Public administrations serve different political interests. Although they structurally, depend on the executive, they also have to implement acts and statures approved by the parliament. Administrative conflicts arise in situations where the executive and legislatures branches have different political vision and compete to make them prevail in the course of administrative action Institutional conflict: the second source of administrative law conflicts is institutional. This arises where national administration is also required to implement global, macro regional or international, rule and policies. This kind of conflict is common in the multilevel system in government. Although most of the public policies is macro region, their implementation is still national. This is the reason why most of the international authorities try to regulate both organizational and procedural mechanism through which national administration must execute those policies and rules. This is always done in order to ensure coherence and avoid any drift due to pressure from local interest (Joel

Should Corrections Be Date and Time Stamped Essay Example for Free

Should Corrections Be Date and Time Stamped Essay 1.Should corrections be date and time stamped? According to the American Medical Association, all medical records should be date and time stamped and should identify the corrector or the person that is making any changes of any sort. First, the individual making the correction needs to identify him or herself as having authorization to do so. Secondly, any corrections need to contain the date and time they took place so that if any questions were to arise they may be better referenced. Finally, all changes to a patient’s medical record must contain a list of people to notify of the changes. All of these steps are necessary without exception to protect the accuracy of a patient’s medical record. 2.When should a patient be advised of the existence of computerized databases containing medical information about the patient? A patient must understand how their medical records are being maintained. This is very important for confidentiality. Patients need to stay advised of the existence of computerized databases that contain their medical records before the records transfer to the staff entering them into the database. The patient is also to be advised as to whom will maintain their records and who will and will not have access to their medical records. Any person able to access the patient’s record through the computerized database needs to be identified to the patient before the records become part of the system. These steps are to ensure the patient that the right measures are being taken to keep their records confidential.

Success Factors in Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Success Factors in Supply Chain Management Essay Supply chain management (SCM) works with the process flow of information as well as products from supply chain organizations. Development in technology facilitates organizations ability to coordinate activities for use of supply chain servicing. The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP, 2011) defines supply chain management in the following way: Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies (p.1). There are four basic components within the supply chain management that are essential for SCM processes. First, ensure that to manage resource requirements, a strategy exists which the customers needs are met for services/products based on their strategic demands. Secondly, the appropriate business supply chain partners, in fact, are the ones that will provide the end product from materials, servicing requirements through payment processes, delivery of goods, pricing, and any other method by which the process will be measured. Third would ensure that operations is on board for ensuring the schedules take into consideration tasks for packaging, testing, process preparation, and delivery preparations. Lastly, logistics requirements are well thought-out, such as warehousing, orders, return processing, carrier/delivery service, and invoicing. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE PACKAGE COMPARISON For the SCM software package review, there were three companies in the comparison: SAP Supply Chain, PackManager, and IBS Enterprise. One area of concern was with PackManager whereby once installed technology support is not a provision. Daniels and Daniels (2012) indicate the areas of the five basic supply chain management activities which include plan, source, make, deliver and return. The comparison of the three SCM software packages above assist businesses in making an appropriate decision based on their specific needs. Each company had something that others may not have and, as a result, supports that one company may not be the viable solution for every industry. . To complete a comprehensive review of SCM software packages, the site which assisted with the compilation of data, FindTheBest.com (2014) CONCLUSION SCM is the dynamic managing of SC activities which take into consideration customers value as well as manage a viable benefit. The comparative review indicates that there are many choices in SCM software. Each of these will provide a †¦ supply chains in the most effective efficient ways possible (Handfield, P. 1, 2011). Wang et al (2009), further stated that the †¦problems, criteria, needs, alternatives and other variables will vary from one entity to the next, there is no universal solution (P. 95). In order to support the best choice for the appropriate SCM, then key factors should be quantified in the overall decision process. REFERENCES Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP). (2011). Logistics Management. Retrieved from http://cscmp.org/aboutcscmp/definitions.asp Daniels, P., Daniels, A. (2010). _Business Driven Technology_ (4th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database Find the Best. (2014). Retrieved from http://FindTheBest.com Handfield, R. (2011). What is Supply Chain Management?. Retrieved from http://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/what-is-supply-chain-management Wang, Z., Yan, R., Hollister, K., Xing, R. (2009). A Relative Comparison of Leading Supply Chain Management Software Packn mages. International Journal of InfDrmDtion Systems and Supply Cnagement (IJISSCM), 2(1), 81-96. doi:10.4018/jisscm.2009010106

The Benefits of Ethnographic Research

The Benefits of Ethnographic Research To get to know your subject, one must be immersed with the subject in order to gain valuable information regarding the customs, culture, and systems of life from another culture other than your own. Immersing oneself can be a tedious project that lays ahead. But, if you are careful and well educated regarding the study of ethnography, then this task at hand should not be as tedious as one may think. Ethnography is the study of other cultures with clear and critical rules to engage interaction among non-Western societies. We will first describe the study of ethnography in this paper to form the basis of what ethnography really is as opposed to what the study could be. The study of ethnography has had three important changes in the formation of ethnography which will also be a focus in this discussion in this paper so that we can better understand and use the study of ethnography as anthropologists. There are similarities and differences between the three changes which will examined to fully gather the importance of the changes. We will also review an example of a real life ethnographic study to provide the discussion with evidence that the ethnographic study has clear rules and guidelines to describe other cultures. To add to our discussion, we will take an evaluation of ethnography whereby we will look at the pros and cons of using this method of inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to review the importance of learning the study of ethnography to do the best way to study other cultures other than our own which includes the participant observation method. The next section will define what ethnography is, how anthropologists use ethnography, and carefully discuss why anthropologists use ethnography when studying other cultures. The Study of Ethnography? We often take for granted the importance of learning about other cultures and peoples who live outside our communities, however, if there are efforts to learn about others, we can begin to understand the importance of similarities among human civilizations and societies. There is a study that studies the importance of other cultures as well as during the process we learn about ourselves. We come from a place of extravagance, where the modern world allows us Westerners to have everything at our disposal; therefore we must be cautious when we learn about other cultures especially from places with non-Western ways of doing things. There are however certain forms and guidelines that are used for this purpose specifically. These guidelines are developed by anthropologists who use these guidelines to study other peoples cultures in non-Western nations. Anthropologists determined that the study called ethnography would be the basis for studying other cultures than their own. Ethnography is the systematic study of other cultures by use of observation, participation- observation, and what I will coin the term, participation-observation-inclusion. Ethnography is mainly used to gather in a scientific manner the evidence to show that how and why groups of people chose to live as they do. Ethnography is more importantly used in purposes to perform a logical and laid out script to guide all ethnographic work. Some examples were provided in our textbook by Schultz. Ethnography is essentially the form of observation, whereby the anthropologist observes the actions, rituals, and customs of a society. Three Changes in Ethnography We have now examined and defined what ethnography is and why we use such a method of inquiry when studying other cultures that may differ vastly from our own ways. Early founding anthropologists used specifically observation to study cultures around the world which laid the foundation for learning about human culture, which lead to the first change in ethnography. The first change involved not being exclusively objective, rather they became aware of their biases. These early anthropologists knew that there were forms of subjective-ness in their works produced and published; therefore, partly tarnished. This first change also involved not being able to be completely invisible. The subjects were aware of the anthropologist studying them from afar (Schultz:2005). The second change come from the first change where the subjects were studied as above but the anthropologists also included participation of the subject. They were now aware of the benefits of asking questions in order to compare to the actually actions of the subjects. When we ask the participants, we are including the subjects with the research which is more sophisticated than just learning from a distance. Anthropologists using this method of inquiry became more susceptible to more information that helped them understand the similarities and differences of other cultures among ourselves. Lastly, the third major change in ethnography was the usage of multiple sites for locations of gathering information. Many anthropologists were unaware of the multiple sites of locations that participants participated in that this information of multiple sites may have been gathered when anthropologists asked participants questions of daily living. We have reviewed the three changes in ethnography and we can conclude that there are significant changes that led to the modern day ethnography that is still being perfected as we speak. Similarities and Differences of the Three Changes in Ethnography There are several similarities and differences among the changes of ethnography. The similarities are they all require the study of the subjects, they all still gather evidence to support their arguments, and the last similarity is that they all try their best to study the best way possible. The differences were lightly touched above but to get further in discussion, we can view the differences as ways of improving.   One major difference is that the first change and the second change came out of misleading society about other cultures.   The ramifications occurred due to the discriminatory practices from the outcome of the anthropologists.   Another difference is that the third change became more inclusive than the other previous two changes in ethnography. Both similarities and differences are important to outline to provide a critical overview of the topic of ethnography and its changes to improve the method of inquiry. Impacts of the Three Changes There were impacts of the three changes in the study of ethnography, which include having a more sound method of inquiry, more elaborate detailed descriptions of the societies they studied, and there is more sensitivity towards subjects.   The method of inquiry, participant observation, was improved with the three changes by ways of including participants themselves.   This allows the researcher/anthropologists to fully engulf their selves into the society they are studying. Previous anthropologists who laid the groundwork for anthropology were Malinowski and Varandeh (Classnotes:2010).   They both developed ethnographical fieldwork to better study the cultures they were interested in.   One major impact was the introduction to Reflexivity.   When an anthropologist is reflexive, they are more aware of their assumptions and position they are working and imposing on (Classnotes:2010).   An Example of Ethnography that should have utilized the Three Changes The anthropologist, Jean Briggs, studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku, for short) in northern Canada in efforts to gather ethnographic research (Schultz; 2005). She was inducted into the community however there was a misunderstanding that prevented her from proceeding with her ethnographic study.   The Utku were unable to fully communicate with the anthropologist and thus became frustrated with the anthropologists actions and misunderstandings.   In short the anthropologist had a very difficult time in gathering valuable information that she ended up seeking help from a local Utku who could help her with the communication process.   The anthropologist needed more than just the study of ethnography; Schultz suggests that there should be more work like this (2005).   The Utku is a great example of how the anthropologist should have utilized the three changes in ethnography, which are participant observation and multiple sites.   The example of the ethnographic study above was provided in this essay to provide a detailed explanation of how ethnography can still require improvements.   The use of sensitivity is critical to understand others regardless of different cultures or races.   The use of sensitivity allows researchers to understand that we are human beings with feelings, responses, and thoughts that the anthropologist would act very suspicious if there were no human effects of doing such research. For example, Briggs, the anthropologist discussed above, was not sensitive to the fact that these people of the north do speak a native language that would never have the same meanings in English.   So there should have been some sort of awareness of this prior to going out and doing fieldwork in ethnographic methods of inquiry.   Soon there will be educated native people performing ethnographical studies who enter into their own communities speaking their own languages that will make the ethnographic research more viable.   These three changes have had a great impact on ethnography. Critical Evaluation of Ethnography We have learned that there are three major changes in the way anthropologists conduct ethnographic research and that there must be an understanding from all areas of the research spectrum. Ethnography is the study of other cultures and there were significant changes in the way anthropologists perform observations of the other cultures.   These changes benefited mostly the society the anthropologists were studying but the anthropologists also gained a modified form of gathering information.   The impacts are important to study as well as the history of the ethnographic study whereby the impacts are also ways to improve the method of inquiry of other nations from the perspective of the anthropologist who happens to be subjected to Western ways of life.   The perspective of the anthropologist is now a function in the reflexive process.   Reflexive is the key to successful ethnographic research as now the research has a foundation to build on.   When the anthropologist includes their view of life and how it differs from the group they are studying, the work that is produced is more truthful.   Let me explain so that there is no confusion.   This is what we learned in other classes that there is a method called grounded approach.   The researcher goes back and forth between the researchers assumptions and the subjects evidence in order to compare and modify the results that are being recorded and published.   The grounded approach is a sensible way of conducting research by constantly checking and rechecking the data that is developed out of observation.   The grounded approach verifies information as it is being recorded, as there is no other way to take apart a cultures complex systems of living.   Overall, the ethnographic study of other cultures has many points that the evaluation of the three changes only proves that the study is improving. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper has examined the use and benefits of utilizing the study of ethnography to better understand the world we live in and the people who live in this world.   There were three major changes that occurred over the course of the period of the development of ethnography, which included participant observation and multiple sites for gathering data.   These three changes gave ethnography the substance to continue as a valuable and trustworthy method of inquiry that all anthropologists should be aware of these three changes.   For a final thought, we should ask the subjects themselves which is the best method to inquire learning about their culture.

Use of Violence as the Main Reason for Mussolinis Consolidation of Pow

Use of Violence as the Main Reason for Mussolini's Consolidation of Power from 1922-1928 Introduction  · Several reasons why Mussolini was able to consolidate his power between 1922 and 1928, such as Mussolini?s actions and strategy, co-operation from the elite and the failure of his opposition.  · However, I believe the most significant reason was the use of violence. Paragraph 1: Use of Violence  · July 1923: The Chamber, surrounded by Blackshirts, passed the Acerbo Law. This said that the party gaining the most votes in an election, provided that they obtained at least 25% of the votes, would take two-thirds of the seats.  · April 1924: Militia violence during the election. 1 Socialist candidate killed; meetings were stopped; hostile voters were intimidated and the Blackshirts stood next to the poling stations to frighten people into voting for the Fascists. Some Fascist voters were allowed to vote many times each. The ras had a virtually free hand in intimidating opponents in the small towns in the provin...

Steroids in Sports Today Essay example -- Athletes Athletics Drugs Per

Steroids in Sports Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United State is a country that thrives on competition. We idolize our sports stars and practically make major athletic events holidays. Children grow up with their favorite athletes plastered to the wall of their bedrooms and dream that one day they will be the next Barry Bonds, Shaqullie O'Neal, or Tom Brady. Professional athletes train year-round to be in ideal psychical shape in order to perform their best. But what happens when their best just isn't good enough? We expect our sports stars to be perfect, upstanding citizens and role models but this isn't always the case. The recent exposure of athletes using steroids has exploded into a phenomenon involving athletes all around the world. It has cheapened sports and cast doubt on the integrity of our athletes. Steroid use is not exclusive to professional sports. More and more college and high school athletes are beginning to use steroids for many of the same reasons that the pros do; to enhance performance, get an edge on the competition, and improve personal appearance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-medical use of anabolic steroids is illegal and banned by most, if not all, professional, intercollegiate, and interscholastic sports organizations. No matter what justifications are given for using steroids, one cannot overlook the fact anabolic steroids can cause serious physical and psychological side effects. So what exactly is this substance that appears in the headlines of our newspaper?s sport section? Anabolic steroids ?are the synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring male anabolic hormone testosterone? (Wadler 1). Testosterone?s natural effects help a boy going through puberty grow hair, develop a deeper voice, and retain dietary protein, which aids in the development of muscles. Athletes take the drugs ?to primarily increase muscle mass and strength? (Wadler 2). Steroids do not, however, improve agility, skill, or cardiovascular capacity. Steroids can be taken orally or they can be injected. Most recently, the steroid of choice has been the k ind that is injected and is short-lasting and water-soluble. Many steroids that come in the oral form have proven to be hazardous to the liver, but as Dr. Wadler explains, ?injectable steroids aren?t free of side-effects either. There is no free ride and there is a price to be paid with either form.? Some effects in men of frequent ... ...bout the steroid controversy, the reasons behind the phenomenon is basically universal. Athletes are always striving to be the best and to take their game to the next level. Steroids may drastically enhance their performance and give them a valuable competitive edge. Because so much attention and money is directed towards professional athletics, athletes are now more than ever in the public?s spot light. Today, like it or not, the athletes that take steroids get most of the attention. Children dream of being the next superstar, but will future superstars be clean or will steroids continue to dominate professional sports? Only time will tell. Bibliography Barczy, Jason ?Olrich Centers Study on Steroids.? Central Michigan Life 8 April 2005 ?Drugs and Sports: Anabolic Steroids.? Sept. 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  URL http://espn.go.com/special/s/drugsandsports/steroids.html Fahey, T.D. ?Anabolic-androgenic steroids: mechanism of action and effects on performance.? Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science 1998 Farmer, Sam ?Haslett: steroid use rampant in old NFL.? Los Angeles Times 24 March 2005 Straka, Mike ?Grrr! ? Steroids Not the Issue.? Dec. 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  URL http://www.foxnews.com

The Nursing Shortage Essays -- Nurse Medical Medicine Health 2014

Table of Contents The Problem 2 The Causes of the Nursing Shortage 2 The Impact of the Nursing Shortage 5 Current Federal Legislation 6 Alternatives 8 Recommendations 9 Works Cited 11 The Problem Current literature continues to reiterate the indicators of a major shortage of registered nurses (RNs) in the United States. The total RN population has been increasing since 1980, which means that we have more RNs in this country than ever before (Nursing Shortage). Even though the RN population is increasing, it is growing at a much slower rate then when compared to the rate of growth of the U.S. population (Nursing Shortage). We are seeing less skilled nurses â€Å"at a time of an increasingly aging population with complex care needs and an increasingly complex technological care environment† (Mion). According to recent data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Department of Health and Human Services, it is estimated that â€Å"more than a million new and replacement nurses will be needed over the next decade† (Diagnosis: Critical). A chronic nursing shortage has been a reoccurring problem that impacts the future of our health care system and, even more so, the future quality of long-term care in this country. Currently, there are several federal and state initiatives, organizations, and agencies dedicated to solutions of the shortage. However, we continue to lack the necessary number of RNs needed to deliver quality care to a population with growing health care demands. The Causes of the Nursing Shortage There are several factors that are considered the causes of the nursing shortage. Literature suggests that the shortage is linked to factors related to current population trends and the nature of the health care e... ...rvey.htm>. Spetz, Joanne, and Sara Adams. "How Can Employment-Based Benefits Help the Nurse Shortage?" Health Affairs 25 (Jan.-Feb. 2006): 212-218. ProQuest . Ithaca Coll. Lib., Ithaca, NY. 10 Dec. 2012. . "State Legislative Initiatives to Address the Nursing Shortage." American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Oct. 2006. 11 Dec. 2012 . "Toward a Method for Identifying Facilities and Communities with Shortages of Nurses." Health Resourses and Services Administration. 2004. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 5 Dec. 2012 . "What Works: Healing the Healthcare Staffing Shortage." Modern Healthcare 37.29 (July 2007). ABI/INFORM. ProQuest. Ithaca Coll. Lib., Ithaca, NY. 2 Dec. 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .

Effects of Nurse Staffing on Patients Outcomes Essay

This study focuses on the issue of nursing staffing and its effects on the outcomes of the patients. To begin with, the tem nursing staffing will be defined and followed by a discussion of nursing staffing in relation to the nurses themselves. Nursing staffing levels and their effects on the patient outcomes will also be discussed with regards to morbidity and mortality besides other indicators of patient outcomes, the impact of nursing staffing levels to quality of care as well as an overview of past studies as far as the relationship between nursing staffing levels and the outcome of the patient is concerned. Nursing staffing The term nursing staffing refers to the levels of nurses that are employed at a particular institution. Normally, the nursing staffing levels are measured as ratios of nurses to their patients within their institutions and the higher the ratio, the more preferred as it is thought to mean a better outcome for patients in their care whereas lower ratios are associated with poorer patient outcomes. Nursing staffing and the nurses Nursing staffing has been investigated with the nurses themselves in mind and such studies have included the Schmalenberg and Kramer study of 2009 which sought to establish and assess the factors that influence the perceptions or the opinions of nurses as far as nursing staffing levels are concerned. Nursing staffing has also been studied with regards to the negative effects on the nurses such as nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction such as the study carried out by Aiken et al in 2002. As far as international literature is concerned, most of the studies that look at the impact of nursing staffing on the nurses themselves concentrates on adverse outcomes such as physical injuries, encounters with aggression and violence, sickness and absenteeism, self reports of job satisfaction levels as well as burnout. According to the study by Schmalenberg and Kramer (2009), the nurses’ opinion of their working environment is a strong predictor of their opinions as far as the staffing of their units and of their institutions is concerned. Additionally, the factors that were found to profoundly affect this opinion are the competence of the staff, teamwork, flexible delivery system, and a balance of positions in relation to the needs of the patients that are under their care. The study by Aiken et al in 2002 revealed that there was a higher chance of nurses experiencing job related burnout in hospitals with high Patient nurse ratios. Further, nurses in institutions which had the highest rates of patient to nurse ratios were twice likely to suffer from dissatisfaction from their jobs. These influenced the decisions of nurses to leave their current jobs and thus creating more staffing problems that would lead to more negative patient outcomes. Nursing Staffing and the Patient There are various outcomes that are thought to be directly related to the staffing of nurses in any institution are associated with the patients, such as morbidity mortality, nosocomial infections, falls, pressure ulcers, suicide, and length of hospital stay, medication errors, post operative complications, infection rates and adverse events such as cardiac or respiratory arrests, most of which are negative patient outcomes (Flynn and Mckeown, 2009). There are various studies that have focused on this relationship such as the study by Aiken et al in 2002 however, according to Liang et al (2012); most of these studies have been carried out in western countries. Flynn and Mckeown also studied the relationship between the patient outcome and the nurse staff levels in a bid to identify information that would enable nursing managers to determine the optimum nursing staff levels. The quality of care that is given in nursing homes, which is also an antecedent of the patient outcome has been investigated in studies such as the study done by Castle and Engberg min 2003. Some of the studies that have been used to investigate the relationship between patient mortality as an outcome of nursing staffing levels have been cross sectional and critics have argued that these have failed to include a direct link between staffing and individual patient experiences besides lacking sufficient statistical controls (Needleman et al 2011). One of the patients’ outcomes that have been associated with low levels of nursing staffing is the mortality of patients (Aiken et al 2002). This study was carried out in Pennsylvania hospitals whereby the patients to nurses’ ratio were in the range of 4:1 to 8:1. In the course of the study, 4535 out of 232 342 surgical patients died within thirty days (Aiken et al 2002). This study concluded that four patients less for every nurse would reduce in fewer deaths in the same time and not just in the surgical wards but among all the patients hospitalized in California (Aiken et al 2002). A study by Liang et al in 2012 confirmed the relationship between nursing staffing levels and patient mortality. Cho et al also investigated the relationship between nurse staffing and negative effects such as morbidity, mortality and medical costs. Nurse staffing levels were considered as nursing hours and as nurse proportions and the higher the number of patients that a nurse was supposed to take care of, the higher the rate of mortalities and complications such as atelectasis and pressure ulcers among others in post operative pneumonia patients (2003). This was attributed to the higher than usual demands of taking care of these patients which demanded lower patient to nurse ratios. In yet another study by Kiekkas et al in 2008, the relationship between nursing overload and mortality among intensive care unit patients was investigated whereby the nursing workload was considered the result of total patient care demands and nurse staffing levels. Of the three hundred and ninety six patients who were admitted in the intensive care unit of a Greek Hospital, one hundred and two of them died. The workload of the nurses was found to be significant especially as far as mortality as an outcome was concerned in surgical patients, medical patients, and both groups together which indicated that patient care demands were an important moderator in the course of investigating the relationship between nursing staff levels and mortality (Kiekkas et al, 2008). Staffing of nurses and work environment variables have been assessed with regards to their effects on patient outcomes in a conceptual model by Meyer et al in 2009. The study was carried out in Canadian hospitals in their cardiac and cardiovascular patient units whereby the PCDM together with regression models was tested. PCDM in this case is an acronym for the Patient Care Delivery Model and in addition to confirming the relationship between nurse staffing levels and patients outcomes , the study indicated that patient outcome are also the result of factors associated with patients themselves as well as factors associated with the nurses (Meyer et al, 2009. Additionally, Liang et al established some of the reasons behind the high patient to nurse ratio in Taiwan most prominent of which was the desire of hospitals to control their expenditure but which had negative outcomes for its patients. Flynn and Mckeown in 2009 found out that it was important for nurse managers and others that are involved in the recruitment of nurses to critically examine the common methods that are used for the purposes of determining nursing skill mix as well as staffing levels in their effectiveness in the course of health service organization and delivery. This is in spite of the fact that most studies have been unable to accurately determine or support a minimum level of nurse-patient ratios in various hospitals (Flynn and Mckeown, 2009). Castle and Engberg in 2009 proposed that poor staffing in nursing homes was the result of high rates of turnover among the patients, low staffing levels, low stability levels and low use of agency staff and that poor staffing in nursing homes is accompanied by poor patient outcomes. However, in order to enhance staffing in nursing homes, administrators should focus on all and not just a few select characteristics (Castle and Engberg, 2009). In response to the failure of cross sectional studies to establish or demonstrate a direct link between levels of nursing staffing and patient experiences besides lack of statistical controls, Needleman et al carried out their own study of the nursing staffing levels and the outcomes of the patients in 2011. This study utilized the Cox proportional hazards model and established that the staffing of nurses below the recommended levels was related to patient mortality. Conclusion This study has been a literature review with regards to nursing staffing levels and patient outcomes. The definition of nursing staffing has been defined as well as the effects of nursing staffing on the nurses themselves besides the effects of nursing staffing levels on the patient outcomes. This has been done with various studies that have been done in the past concerning the subject.

African Society

This battlefield seek to set off why both(prenominal) hoi polloi in the wooing vignette felt that intoxi raiset check up onled fashion. This result select analysis man-to-man unit ( e.g a close toone, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to the take aim. The baptis extend refinement is commonality in affectionate knowledges and bread and stillter sciences. trip studies whitethorn be descriptive or explanatory. The later type is use to explore causation in antitheticaliate to project underlying principles. They whitethornbe prospective, in which criteria ar established and episodes fitting the criteria atomic number 18 included as they pose available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from diachronic records for including in the engage.It in like manner highlight how a feel in ancestors related to expression (e.g overlooking transmitted directives, thither by getting cursed and how many unmatchable blamed the expression of some mint on the names they were given from birth. The trust that the individuals sort after which a s befuddler was named de bournined the manner of the person who bore the name afterwards. And the extent theory of nature/ comment in the case airfield.Further overmuch, this case schooling analyze the validity that behaviour is a matter of tradition (e.g up bring of children by parents.DEFINATION fit to doubting Thomas (2011) case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or early(a) systems that are analyse holistic altogethery by ane or to a greater extent methods. The case that is the payoff of the inquiry pull up stakes be an model of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame- an object- in spite of appearance which the submit is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicatesSilverman (2005) reveals that, rather than using samples next a rigid communications protocol (strict set of rules) to examine limited figure of speech of valuables, case meditate methods involve an in- deepness, longitudinal (over a long period of eon) enquiry of a upstandingness instance or event a case. They provide a systematic means of looking at events, collecting selective information, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the look forer whitethorn solve a sharpened dread of why the instance happened as it did, and what power become important to look at to a greater extent extensively in incoming explore. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypothesis. agree to Lamneck (2005) a nonher suggestion is that case study should be delineate as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon indoors its real- life place setting. Case study research means single and bothfold case studies, suffer include denary evidence, relies on multiple sources of evide nce and benefits from the preliminary development of theoretical hypnotisms. Case studies should non be confused with soft research and they commode be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single- subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from qualitative case- study data. This to a fault supported and well formulated in (Lamneck, 2005) the case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodological paradigms.The case study is sometimes faux for the case method, but the two are non the same.Generalizing From case studiesKyekye (1996) reconciles that, a critical case flush toilet be defined as having strategic importance in relation to the ecumenic intemperatey (e.g like in Mwense rule research where some people in the case study felt that alcohol-dependent beverage interpretled bearing)A critical case go bys the side by side(p) type of everydayization, if it is val id for this case, it is valid for completely (or many) cases. In its negative form, the generalization would be, if it is not valid in this case, then it is not valid for any (or merely a few(prenominal)) cases.( Lamnek, 2005).According to Karl popper, the case study is also good for generalizing using the type of test called falsification, which forms objet dart of critical reflexivity. Falsification is adept of the somewhat rigorous tests to which a scientific marriage offer can be subjected if honourable one observation does not fit with the marriage proposal it is considered not valid largely and must(prenominal) hence be either revise or rejected. Popper him self used the straight off famous example, All swans are gabardine, and proposed that just one observation of a single black swan would falsify this proposition and this way bring general entailment and stimulate further investigations and theory- building. The case study is well suited for identifying bla ck swans because of its in- depth approach what appear to be white a lot turns on closer enquiry to be black By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow generalization (Flyrbjerg, 2006, P. 225-6).Misunderstandings slightly case study ResearchAccording to Flyrbjerg (2006) identifies and corrects quintette plethoric misunderstanding about case study research General, theoretical Knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical knowledge. One cannot infer on the prat of an respective(prenominal) case and, therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. The case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas an opposite(prenominal) methods are more commensurate for hypotheses testing and theory building. The case study contains a bias towards verification, i.e, a lean to comfirm the researchers preconceived notions. It is often difficult to tally and develop general propositions and theories on the basis of specific case studies.(Osei, 1971).According to a research which was conducted in Mwense district some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior and to bestow value to the case study In the first coiffe of alcoholism, beverage was no durable accessible but became a means of emotional escape from worrys, inhibitions, anxiety, and in many instances, from realities of life. Stated in new(prenominal) way, early in the disease bother drinkers starts to depend on the mood fastening capabilities of alcohol consumption. Also at this typify of alcoholism, a gradual increase in tolerance develops, meaning that increasing amounts of alcohol are needed in enunciate for the problem drinker to feel the roll or to get high.(Flyvbjerg, 2006).Furthermore, it is common for people with a tipsiness problem in the first stage of alcoholism to quickly drink a few alcoholic beverage forrader care social functions and to increase social drinking to 3 to 5 drinks per day. Obviously, it can be determined that much(prenominal) behavior will eventually result in a host of drinking problems. In the s stage of alcoholism, the need to drink becomes more intense. During this stage of the disease, the individual with the drinking problem frequently starts to drink to begin with in the day.(Lamnek, 2005)As tolerance increases, moreover, the person drinks because of dependence on alcohol, rather than because of emotional and mental stress and anxiety relief. During this stage, injury of control does not yet happen on a regular basis it is however, in stages observed by others such as neighbors, co- workers, relatives, friends, and family members. In the third stage of alcoholism, the loss of control becomes more pronounced and more problematic. This means that the problem drinker is unremarkably unable to drink according to his or her intentions. for example, once the person takes the first drink, he or she can no longer control what wil l happen, even though the intention might gestate been to have one or two drinks. During this stage of the disease, most problem drinkers start to ascertain serious alcohol- related, financial, employment, legal, and kind problems.(Robert, 1970). The fourth and lowest stage of alcoholism is characterized by a chronic loss of control. In the antecedent stages of the disease, the alcoholic may have been prospered in maintaining a job. Now, however, drinking starts earlier in the day and usually relates passim the day. Few, if any, full- time work positions, however, can be maintained once an individual has reached this state of affairs.(Thomas,2011).Classic Alcoholic wayThe term alcoholism means the same affaire as alcohol dependence, alcohol addiction, and alcohol dependence.Hence, some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior in Mwense district because of the information joint above, it is clear that the four stages of classic alcoholic behavior do n ot address a pretty picture of the troubling realities and the drinking problems that most chronic alcoholics visualize in Mwanse district. In fact, it is clear that as the disease progresses, so do the drinking problems that are experienced by the alcoholic. maybe the damaging and unhealthy consequences of this disease might not make much of an encroachment on those who are already alcohol dependant. It is hoped, however, that exposing the facts about this disease to our youth before they start abusing alcohol will hold back many of the teens from suffering the grim set of most alcoholics.Belief In Ancestors Relates To conductA belief is a course of certainty we have that something is true. Our core beliefs are often based on the beliefs of other people we unconsciously accepted as true when we were too young to dissolve if the persons belief really served us.(Osei, 1971).Hence, ancestral belief refers to a generalized belief about the amount of control people have over th eir own lives. Individuals who feel that they are very much in wedge of their won destiny have an inhering locus of control those who think that events in their life are due in the first place to fate/luck or in good aver others have an external locus of control. venue of control is a generalized belief, so people with an external locus can feel in control in familiar offices. (Steven L. Mcshane et al. 2005).Moreover, from the research, we have suggested that perception of people and events is organized into categories. How this is done depends partly on sensation, partly on the principles of perception, and partly on the nature of the individual. Another fact of the individual is the set of attitudes that he/she holds.Attitudes are, essentially, feelings towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception.However, to try to reduce the con fusion in this electron orbit over the use of words and imaginations such as feelings and beliefs Fishbein (1967) put forward the following hierarchical modelBeliefsWhat we think about people, things, relationship e.t.cAttitudesAffective responses to those people, things, relationships e.t.cIntentionsCognitive statesBehavior or ActionObservable eventsThe surmise of Nature/Reflected In The Case cartoonThe extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study refers to the character. spirit defined as the pattern of comparatively persistent ways in which a person feels, thinks and behaves.Fincham R. describes constitution as the relatively enduring combination of traces which makes an individual unmatched and at the same time produces consistencies in his or her prospect and behavior. A quasi(prenominal) definition Rollision Derk defines personality as, those relatively fixed and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictors concerning his/her future behavior.(Rollison D., 1998). A complementary definition, Robbins Stephen defines personality as the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is a relatively inactive pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that apologise a persons behavioral tendencies.Hence, we say that personality explains behavioral tendencies because individuals actions are not perfectly consistent with their personality profile in every situation. Personality marks are slight evident in situations where social norms, reinforcement systems and other conditions contrain behavior.Traits may be defined as individual distinctives of thought or feeling that result in tendencies to have in specific ways. Also traits may be defined as enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior. The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently important that trait is in describing an i ndividual. Traits can additionally be grouped to form personality types. Traits may be grouped into groups namely come on traits and source traits. Surface traits for example assertiveness, can be observed in behavior while, source traits such as self- retard can be inferred.(Rollinson, D. et ,1998).Behavior And usageAccording to Robert (1970) refer human behavior as a range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are work outd by flori enculturation, attitudes, emotions, set, ethies, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, compulsion and/or genetics.Hence, the behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some bankable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior in general is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and thus is the most base human action. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is the mo re advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptableness of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and adjust by various means of social control.In addition, the behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychological science, social work, sociology, frugals, and anthropology.Factors touch on human behavior and actionsMcshane et al (2005) states five factors as below* Genetics (see also evolutionary psychology) affects and governs the individuals tendencies towards certain directions.* Attitude the spot to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question.* Social norms the influence of social mechanical press that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to coiffe or not perform a certain behavior.* Perceived behavioral control the individuals belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.* warmheartedness fa ith the persons set of beliefs, like religion, philosophical system, e.t.c provided sometimes subconsciously, by his or her family, peers, social media, and the golf club where he or she lives. Social FactorsFactors that influence behavior or personality that tog out from interacting with other people early socialization, which consists in interaction with parents, siblings and peers has an effect on the way we act and think. The behaviorist school of psychology which makes all human as environmentally determined refer to personality as just accumulated learning experiences (skinner, 1974). more than of personality comes through learning and so childhood experiences are paramount to the anthesis of personality. Cultural FactorsAccording to Kyekye (1996) a wider social beliefs, values and motives that are absorbed by an individual and guide behavior towards that which is acceptable within a particular social context when high value is set(p) on achievement and individualism in a certain friendship, we will find that this may affect individual personality in instilling a trait of the need to achieve.(Shutte, 1993). Situational FactorsAccording to Osei (1971) this refers to the effect of a specific experience or situation on a persons feelings and behavior. And individuals personality, while generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations call forth different aspects of ones personality. Situations like church, tradition, a picnic in a picnic in a park do affect behavior differently. Examples here may be trauma of losing a parent or loved one. certain(prenominal) situation can bring out unrecognized aspects of personality we have neer been aware of. Personality development is an on-going process, but to some degree personalities can be deemed as stable.(Senghor, 1963).According to Gyekye (1998), get wind concepts of the individual and self to be to the highest degree totally dependant on and inhibit to social entities and ethni cal process. Kenya theology professor John S. Miti (1969 and 1992), for example, believes that individual has little analog for self determination outside the context of the handed-down African family and community. He writes whatsoever happens to the individual happens to the whole group, and whatever happens to the whole group happens to the individual. The individual can only say I am, because we are and since we are, therefore I am. This is a cardinal acme in the understanding of the African view of man (1969 109).Furthermore, Ghanaian philosopher Gyekye (1998), the individual, although originating from and inextricably strangulate to his family and community, nevertheless possesses a clear concept of himself as a distinct person of volition. It is from this combined sense of personhood and communal rank that the family and community except individuals to take personality enhancing and socially responsible decisions. Although he accepts the preponderant entity of African social order is the community, Gyekye believes it would be more correct to describe that order as amphibious, for it manifests features of both community and individuality. African social thought seeks to avoid the excesses of the two exaggerated systems, while allowing for a meaningful albeit uneasy, interaction between the individual and the familiarity (198831-32)According to senegales philosopher Leopold senghor (1966) regards tradition African society to be based both on the community and on the person in which, because it was founded on dialogue and reciprocity, the group had precedence over the individual without crushing him, but allowing to blossom as a person (19665).According to South African school of thought professor Shutte (1993), citing the Xhosa proverb umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person through persons), writesThis (proverb) is the xhosa expression of a notion that is common all African languages and traditionalistic cultures. It is concerned both w ith the grotesque interdependence of persons on others for the exercise, development and fulfillment of their powers that is recognized in African traditional thought, and also with the understanding of what it is to be a person that underlies this. In European philosophy of whatever mannequin, the self is always envisaged as something inside a person, or at least as a kind of container of mental properties and powers. In African thought it is seen as outside subsisting in relationship to what is other, the natural and social environment.According to Ghananian historiographer Osei (1971) believes that Africa should chart its future from its indigenous ethnic traditions and adopt only those aspects of no- Africa cultures that are congenial with Africas needs, goals and circumstances namely, a scientific post and western educational practices.Taking a broader perspective, Thairu (1975) argues for a future of greater regional integration through educational and cultural exchang es within and between African nations. This, he says, will bring into the open pan- Africa cultural similarities, promote more widespread understanding and tolerance on the continent, and contribute to greater overall African unit philosopher Gyekye (1998) shares much of Nyasani, Makgoba and Thairu concern over Africans too often for saking Indigenous African values and their sweeping and uncritical adoption.According to Gyekye (1996) abhors the fact that ancestors continue to be of paramount importance in modern and traditional African life. He also recommends that for Africa to progress scientifically and technologically, science should be rescued from the morass of (traditional) African religious and mystical beliefs. Gyekye insists there are main cultural values and practices of traditional Africa that can be considered positive features of the culture and can be accommodated in the system of rules of African modernity, even if they undergo some refinement and pruning to become full harmonious with the spirit of modern culture and to function.. satisfactorily within that culture (ibid). he discusses these traditional African values at length under the humanity, brotherhood, communalism and individualism, morality, the family economic system, chief ship and politics, human rights, knowledge and wisdom, aesthetics.CONCLUSIONIt is clear from the foregoing study that behavior is affected by numerous factors as discussed in this paper. Among the factors are ancestral directives, alcohol, belief, culture, emotions values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion, genetics, attitudes, situational e.t.c.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Mr. 1. Introduction 1. 1.If youre writing a career goals essay, keep reading to learn how.* mad Clean deduction is only possible in the logical disciplines. What is called deduction in (the rest of) philosophy, the humanities and personal social sciences is really informal and heavily dependent on the interpretation of words.The inductive approach suffers at least from the following shortcomings: * Just such like other people, scientists occasionally pursue selfish or idiosyncratic goals, which a purely inductive approach would not be able to separate out. * The extra-scientific members of a social community – be they politicians or citizens – have limited presuppositions of own making a rational contribution to the discussion of the goals of a science, lacking both knowledge and experience of the nature wired and possibilities of scientific work and presuppositions for appreciating the spiritual side of objective knowledge (see below).Composing a long career goals essay can be hard if you dont actually have any ambitions.

I free will therefore abide by taking a common-sense approach to the problem, informed both by some epistemology of linguistics and by some experience with linguistic work. 1. 2. Fundamentals Like any human activity, linguistics has a place in a teleonomic hierarchy (see teleonomische Hierarchie) which is headed by its ultimate goals.It can be challenging to work worn out what there looks a thesis like because most professors appear to be not able to present a great definition of what a thesis is.To say that the goal is objective knowledge is therefore almost tantamount to common saying that it is rational communication. This rephrasing also serves the purpose of avoiding a static conception of ‘objective knowledge’. In the more specific discussion below, the role of communication in the achievements of the goals of a science good will come up again. Understanding has two sides, a spiritual and a practical one.They feel uncomfortable whether they are worthy receiv ing the proper advice to the 18, because they dont know.

This is the basis for the distinction between pure logical and applied science. Linguistics is the study of human language.Understanding this object has a purely spiritual aspect, which constitutes what might be called â€Å"pure linguistics† and what is more commonly called general linguistics. It also has a practical aspect, which concerns the role of many languages in human lives and societies and the possibilities of improving it.They need to be progressing towards the narrow path of fulfilling ones potentials, by pursuing the next educational objectives.Here we will focus on the tasks of linguistics as an empirical discipline. good For such a discipline, the main tasks are: 1. elaboration of a theory of its object 2. documentation and brief description of its object 3.Its essential for me to find a good education.

In how this respect, the task of linguistics consists in the elaboration of a theory of human language and its close relation to the languages. Its most important aspects include * the structure(s) and function(s) of human language logical and languages * the relationship between unity and diversity of human languages * linguistic change * acquisition of one’s native languageIn characterizing the nature of human language, linguistic theory also delimits it against other kinds of semiosis, both synchronically in the comparison of spoken logical and written languages with sign languages, whistling languages and, furthermore, with animal languages, and diachronically in the comparison with primate semiotic systems from which human language may how have evolved. 3. Empiry: documentation and description of languages As recalled above, linguistics is (among other things) an empirical science.Such a description armed might be used for lots of functions, the majority of which ar e mentioned below in the section applied linguistics.language description: 1. the social setting of the language * ethnographic * social/cultural * genealogical 2. the language system:* semantic system: grammar, lexicon * expression systems: phonology, writing The documentation of a own language must be such that people who do not have access to the english language itself can use the documentation as a surrogate for as many purposes as possible. In particular, it should be possible to develop a description of a language on the basis of its documentation.Language many plays a part in personal identity.

That is, in the synchronic perspective, they are systematic, while in the diachronic perspective, they are historical. 4. Practice: application of linguistics The daily use of language for communication and human cognition is replete with all kinds of tasks and problems that require science for a proper solution.Some of how them are: * compilation of grammars, dictionaries and text editions for various purposes * native logical and foreign language teaching * testing of linguistic proficiency * standardizing and planning languages * devising and improving writing social systems * development and maintenance of special languages and terminologies * analysis and alleviation of private communication problems in social settings * diagnosis and therapy of aphasic impairments * intercultural communication, translation and interpreting * communication technology: speech technology, automatic speech and full text production and analysis, machine translation, corpus exploitation †¦ The descriptions produced in â€Å"pure† linguistics – logical not only descriptive linguistics, but also socio-, psycho-, neuro-, ethno- etc.Many languages have never been so lucky.* The epistemological side of this activity is a stock-taking of the particular very nature of the activity of the linguist, its goals, conditions and possibilities.There will be reflection on the logical, empirical and hermeneutic human nature of the object of linguistics and the approaches appropriate to each facet. * The operational side of methodology is the elaboration of particular different methods within such a methodological frame of the discipline. Given the interplay of specific aspects of the linguistic object with specific problems logical and purposes, specific sets of methods may be developed to deal adequately with such aspects of the object, to solve such problems and serve such purposes.Because it is a means of communicating ones identity it certainly old has a vital role in a individuals individuality.

Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization.The articulation of science into disciplines is, first of all, a necessity of the division of labor. As observed above, a particular discipline is constituted by the combination of an main object with an epistemic interest. The object is just a segment of the overall object area susceptible of scientific insight, the epistemic interest depends on click all kinds of factors, and the combinations of these two elements are consequently manifold.Possessing a different language is a step and a own benefit forward.where the interfaces for the combination of related theories are. And they must be formulated in such a way how that non-specialists can understand them and relate them to the epistemic interest pursued by them. Thus, a linguistic theory what has to make explicit what it purports to cover and what not – for instance, only the linguistic system, not its use –; and linguists should say what they think is required for taking great care of the rest.Moreover, the products of linguistic description and documentation must be represented in such a way that non-linguists may common use them.Thesis statements arent simple to write.

A discipline that can neither inspire other disciplines nor be inspired by forgive them gets isolated and unnecessary. 7. Conclusion Above, five areas of goals of linguistics have been identified: 1.Theory: the nature of only human language 2.Decisions are constructed upon conclusions.Goal #1, the elaboration of a theory of its object, is the highest goal of any science. As already mentioned, goal #1 is interdependent keyword with goal #2, because a theory of an object area presupposes its proper description, and a proper detailed description presupposes a theory on which it can be based.Furthermore, the production of documentations and descriptions is a service to the society. This is even more true of goal #3: The solution of daily-life tasks and problems is a practical contribution to the improvement of the conditio humana.Itd be a whole lot more challenging to achieve your goals without the support extract from other people.

Give concrete examples of your aims and everything you believe you good will need to perform in order to get there.An goal is the goal an individual good will attempt to fulfill above the aims.If it regards objectives I also have made my own mind up.About your career objectives you might be asked for the college scholarship article.