Urbanization Of 18th Century Essay Example For Students

Urbanization Of 18th Century Essay ChangeIn Urban Society At the end of the 18th century a revolution in energy andindustry began in England and spread rapidly all around Europe later in the 19thcentury, bringing about dramatic and radical change. A significant impact of theIndustrial Revolution was that on urban society. The population of towns grewvastly because economic advantage entailed that the new factories and offices besituated in the cities. The outlook of the city and urban life in general wereprofoundly modified and altered. Modern industry created factory owners andcapitalists who strengthened the wealth and size of the middle class. Beside theexpansion of the bourgeoisie, the age of industrialization saw the emergence ofa new urban proletariat the working class. The life of this new group and itsrelations with the middle class are controversial issues to modern history. Somebelieve that the Industrial Revolution inevitably caused much humanmisery and affliction. Other historians profess that Industriali zationbrought economic improvement for the laboring classes. Both conclusions shouldbe qualified to a certain extent. Economic growth does not mean more happiness. We will write a custom essay on Urbanization Of 18th Century specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Given the contemporary stories by people at that time, life in the early urbansociety seems to have been more somber than historians are usually prow todescribe it. No generalities about natural law or inevitable development canblind us to the fact, that the progress in which we believe has been won at theexpense of much injustice and wrong, which was not inevitable. Still, I believethat industry was a salvation from a rapid population growth and immensepoverty. Furthermore, by the end of the 19th century the appearance of Europeancities and life in them had evolved and change for the better. Industrializationwas preceded and accompanied by rapid population growth, which began in Europeafter 1720. People had serious difficulty providing their subsistence by simplygrowing their food. There was widespread poverty and underemployment. Moreover,the need for workers in the city was huge. More and more factories were openingtheir doors. The result of this was a vast migration from the coun tryside to thecity where peasants were already being employed. The number of peopleliving in the cities of 20000 or more in England and Wales jumped from 1.5million in 1801 to 6.3 million by 1891 (Mckay, 762). With this mass exodusfrom the countryside, life in urban areas changed drastically. Overcrowdingexacerbated by lack of sanitation and medical knowledge made life in the cityquite hard and miserable. A description of Manchester in 1844, given by one ofthe most passionate critics of the Industrial Revolution, Friederich Engels,conveys in great detail the deplorable outlook of the city. theconfusion has only recently reached its height when every scrap of space left bythe old way of building has been filled up or patched over until not a foot ofland is left to be further occpupied (Engels 2). Lack of sanitation causedpeople to live in such filth and scum that is hard to imagine. In dryweather, a long string of the most disgusting, blackish-green, slime pools areleft standing on t his bank, from depths of which bubbles of miasmatic gasconstantly arise and give forth a stench unendurable even on the bridge forty orfifty feet above the surface of the stream (Engels 2). The appallingliving conditions in the city during the early stages of the IndustrialRevolution brought about two important changes. By developing his famous germtheory of disease, Louis Pasteur brought about the so-called Bacterialrevolution and lead the road to taming the ferocity of the death in urban areascaused by unsanitary and overcrowded living conditions. The theory that diseasewas inflicted by microorganisms completely revolutionized modern medicine andbrought about the important health movement in the city. After 1870 sanitationwas a priority on the agenda lists of city administration in most industrializedEuropean countries. Urban planning and transportation after 1870 transformedEuropean cities into beautiful and enchanting places. Water supply systems andwaste disposals construction were accompanied by the building of boulevards,townhalls, theaters, museums. The greatest innovation in this area at the time-the electric streetcar- immensely facilitated the expansion of the city andhelped alleviate the problem of overcrowding. A good example of urban planningand transportation was the rebuilding of Paris, which laid the foundations ofmodern urbanism all around Europe. The appearance of the city and the quality oflife in it greatly improved by the end of the 19th century. But, livingconditions in the city during the Industrial Revolution were pretty bad, afactor that greatly contributed to the bad plight of the working class at thattime. As urban civilization was starting to prevail over rural life, changes inthe structure of the society and in family life became inevitable. Urban societybecame more diversified while the classes lost a great part of their unity. .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 , .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .postImageUrl , .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 , .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:hover , .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:visited , .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:active { border:0!important; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:active , .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543 .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90a5f63acd7c3bc6a6e2b6b8dd8e9543:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: HARRIET TUBMAN EssayEconomic specialization produced many new social groups. It created a vast rangeof jobs, skills and earnings, which intermingled with one another creating newsubclasses. Thus the very rich and the very poor were separated by the vastspace occupied by these new strata. Urban society resembled the society from theage of agriculture and aristocracy by one thing. The economic gap between richand poor remained enormous and income distribution stayed highly unequal withone fifth of society receiving more than the remaining four fifths. With theemergence of the factory owners and industrial capitalists, he relations betweenthe middle and the working class chan ged. But did the new industrial middleclass ruthlessly exploit the workers? I believe that at the begging this wascertainly the case. People were coming to the city as family unitsand as such worked in the factories. In the early years some very youngkids were employed solely to keep the family together (Mckay 718). Theconditions of work were appalling. An excerpt from Parliamentary Papers inEngland named Evidence Before the Sadler Committee, mirrors thequite dark side of life in the factories. In this testimony several people whoworked at factories in different industries and towns in England draw a vividpicture of the factory reality. Both children and grownups were made to workfourteen to sixteen hours a day with only an hour brake and a salary that washardly intended to compensate the tremendous load of work. Children werestrapped severely if they lagged and deteriorated theirwork. The sight of the workers reflected their sad plight. Any man mustacknowledge, that an uglier set o f men and women, of boys and girls, taking themin the mass it would be impossible to imagineTheir complexion is sallow Their sature lowTheir limbs slender and playing badly and ungracefully Great numbers of girls and women walking lamely or awkwardly, with raised chestsand spinal flexures (Gaskell, 1). Miserable life and poverty allowedpeople few recreational outlets and money to spend. For this reason a process ofcorruption and degradation of morals spread among working class people. Anillustration of this is the proliferation of prostitution at the time. Thecontinuing distance between rich and poor made for every kind of debauchery andsexual exploitation. Important factor in the degradation of morals that spreadthrough urban society and the working classes in particular was the diminishingrole that religion played in daily live. Urban society became more secular andmore and more people started to regard the church as conservative institutionthat defended social order and custom. As a result of this illegitimacy andsexual experimentation before marriage triumphed during the 19th century. Womens actively entering the labor force was a new development spurred by theIndustrial Revolution. In the preindustrial world women did leave home at anearly age in search for work but their opportunities were limited. The servicein another familys household was by far the most common. The employment ofgirls and women in factories had an important effect on their stereotypic roleof household carers. It weaned them away from home and the domestic tasks. Shut up from morning till night, except when they are sent home for theirmeals, these girls are ignorant of and unhandy at every domesticemployment (Observations on the Loss of Woolen Spinning,1794). However, the plight of the urban working class changed as thegrowth of modern cities approached the end of the 19th century. The average realincome raised substantially. The practice of employing children from an earlyage was abandoned. Less and less women were working in sweated industries. .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a , .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .postImageUrl , .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a , .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:hover , .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:visited , .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:active { border:0!important; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:active , .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ed5dabdc3b62ea7960d8499d30f422a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exploring Research Methodologies: Positivism and I EssayInstead men were the primary wage earners while women stayed at home taking careof the household and the children. The early practice of hiring entire familiesin the factory disappeared. Family life became more stable, as mercenarymarriages were substituted by romantic love. Sex roles in urban society becamehighly distinct. The most distressing changes brought to urban society-overcrowding, lack of urban planning, unsanitary conditions, unemployment andpoverty -were eventually offset by the compensation and remedy of economicgrowth. Urban society not only change for the better. This change was aremarkable step for hum anity. For one thing, the city promoted diversity andcreativity. It was the uncontested home of new ideologies, ideas, movements,crucial scientific discoveries, customs, fashions, developments in art andliterature. BibliographyGaskell, P. The Physical Deterioration of the textile Workers. 27Sept. 1997. 23 April. 2000. www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html Engels,Friederich. Industrial Manchester,1844. 27 Sept. 1997. 23 April. 2000. www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html Observations on the Lossof Woolen Spinning,1794. 27 Sept. 1997. 23 April. 2000. www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.htmlEvidence Given Before the Sadler Committee. 27 Sept. 1997. 23 April. 2000. www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html McKay P., Buckler, Hill. History of Western Society. 3th ed. Boston: Houghton MifflinCompany, 1987. 630-631

Essay Topics For Concept Essay

Essay Topics For Concept EssayIdeas for topics for concept essay topics are usually rather easy to come up with. A student can study for the whole essay itself, then go through each topic and identify what type of questions are involved in that area, and then select the best essay topic for that particular area.One popular topic for a concept essay is biology. Whether or not a student wants to take a biology class at university level is another matter. Although a lot of college students are taking the course these days, only a few are good at it, so they do not want to be required to take it in university.By making this topic a theme for the essay, a student can make it a great challenge. They can look at an actual biology textbook and see if there is anything within the subject that fits the theme of the essay. It might be a chapter within the textbook on how cells function.It might be an article discussing the structure of the cells, or perhaps it might be an informative article ab out cell reproduction. Other topics that might interest a student include the process of evolution and the development of species. Biology is one of the subjects that can easily provide material to put into an essay, because there is so much that can be learned by simply reading the scientific papers and books that are written about the subject.Another very popular subject for a science topics for concept essay is the history of science. Many times a person will be required to take a course in this topic at university, so they can learn about all the different discoveries that have been made throughout the years. Many times it is also taken as a requirement to take a course in history in order to graduate from university.Even though some people feel that the subject of history is boring, there are many different types of studies that can be done with this topic. Students can learn about theories, different events, and how science has changed as a result of discovering new discoverie s and theories.If a student chooses to make this a paper topic, they can find all sorts of topics to choose from. In fact, they can start with a topic and then go through the research to see if it will fit with the theme of the essay and what type of questions will be asked.