Curriculum Development and Design Essay

These projects emerged from the thinking about a gathering of pioneers who accepted that the instructive methodology that had been created by clinical training trailblazers at McMaster University was additionally generally applicable for the planning of word related advisors and physiotherapists. Therefore, a gathering of teachers from the two foundations, Mohawk College and McMaster University, joined their abilities and made a dream that turned into the confirmation programs in word related treatment and physiotherapy. This methodology was issue based learning, and was utilized as the establishment for the two projects from their origin to the current day, across three unique cycles of educational plan. One of the key advancements to the manner by which the school programs were instructed was the blend of utilizing workforce from both the college and school to show all courses. During the 1980s, a degree finishing program was propelled that gave alumni of the recognition program an opportunity to overhaul their capability to a single guys qualification from McMaster University. This was especially significant since the base accreditation for section to rehearse had been raised to the baccalaureate level by the expert affiliations. In 1989, the program moved totally into the college setting and the alumni were allowed a BHSc(PT) or BHSc(OT), a four year certification in wellbeing sciences. After ten years, in 2000, applicants were admitted to the entrylevel experts programs in word related treatment and physiotherapy. The Pedagogical Framework: Problem-based Learning As quickly alluded to over, the word related treatment and physiotherapy programs at McMaster University have a solid history with and heritage of issue based learning. While the underlying educational program models were unequivocally impacted by the debut undergrad clinical educational plan, time and certainty introduced chances to make our own models. These models mirror the unique subtleties of each control. Issue based learning is perceived as having started at McMaster University, in the clinical educational plan, and was in light of basic worries about the idea of progressively customary learning models in clinical educational plans. The aim was to make a way to deal with educating and discovering that was student focused, yet dependent on clear destinations and assessment measures. The key distinction was the desire that students would be encouraged and guided as opposed to instructed (Barrows and Tamblyn 1980; Neufeld 1983; Saarinen and Salvatori 1994). Both the word related treatment and physiotherapy programs at McMaster University have grasped these thoughts, in spite of the fact that with contrasting degrees of association and pledge to the first model. Truth be told, genuine issue based taking in models ought to normally rise up out of every individual setting and culture. There is no â€Å"right† route in spite of the fact that there is a developing acknowledgment of a typical arrangement of standards and components that can be applied to decide the â€Å"problembased-ness† of a learning situation (Maudesley 1994; Walton and Matthews 1989). Issue based learning standards will in general become gathered in two particular classes: first, the qualities whereupon issue based learning is based and second, a few attributes that are held in like manner understanding as being basic to the center of issue based learning. Fundamental qualities include: organization, genuineness and transparency, shared regard, and trust. Center attributes fuse: Chapter 2 Curriculum Development and Design 13 I Learning which is understudy/student focused I Faculty jobs that are those of facilitator and guide I Learning situations which structure the premise, center, and upgrade for learning I New data and understanding that is obtained through self-coordinated learning (Baptiste 2003 p. 17) Consequently, there is a continuum of issue based educational programs from unadulterated through half and half models. The experts section level physiotherapy and word related treatment programs at the School of Rehabilitation Science at McMaster University keep on being founded on issue based standards. Albeit the two projects are altogether different one from the other, there are likewise numerous basic components and approaches that are praised. Instances of these similitudes are refered to all through this book, especially in the sections concentrating on proof based practice and morals training. Moving toward the Task of Curriculum Renewal Perhaps one of the most overpowering, yet energizing, assignments with which to be gone up against is the chance and challenge of building up another educational plan. This undertaking is made significantly all the more overwhelming whenever conditions give an opportunity to accomplish something else dependent on outer powers and not a need to change on the grounds that â€Å"something is broken†. In the course of recent years, and in quite a while to come, numerous instructive projects in restoration science are confronting this circumstance. The changing idea of the passage level qualification for word related advisors and physiotherapists requests that personnel embrace an itemized audit of educational plans, to decide the ideal way to deal with advancing toward graduate-level arrangement, or, in any event, complete a survey of existing educational programs models to recognize their responsiveness and harmoniousness with developing practice desires and requests. Ways to deal with such a huge errand can differ from guaranteeing the conservation of what is acceptable from the current educational program to making an all out move and receiving a drastically Table 2. 1. Standards for curricular change and advancement Rationale ought to be explained expressly Overall objectives ought to be repeated continually all through the procedure Continuing correspondence is fundamental, combined with a reasonable basis Ensure that the proposed change is in light of a characterized and perceived need or reason Ensure that the advancement is viewed as a high institutional need Focus on instructional method and not on assets for execution Foster solid initiative help Identify motivators for staff investment Gain workforce purchase in for the curricular plan Involve the dynamic encouraging personnel all through the procedure Anticipate expected boundaries to change and create techniques to address them Recognize the likely requirement for and estimation of arrangement Adapted from Guze (1995) 14 Sue Baptiste, Patricia Solomon 2 new methodology and structure. To have an ideal impact, choices to be considered should bear pertinence to the invading society of the organization and condition inside which the educational program is to flourish. Likewise, choices must be settled on concerning the academic decisions of how student focused the educational plan ought to be, and what specific instructive modalities are the best for the conditions. This section will address the whole image of educational program improvement and plan, from the main discussions about how to take part in the reestablishment procedure through creation choices about strategies for instructing, ways to deal with student evaluation, and planning of passage level professionals for the developing practice settings. Guze (1995) gave a reasonable and concise conversation of a few center rules that can direct curricular change and development (Table 2. 1). Coming up next is a diagram of these standards. Where to Begin? Inspiration for educational plan recharging can emerge out of both inward and outer powers. Outer desires from administrative and proficient bodies are having a tendency to force gauges for new experts that require: I Preparation at a propelled degree of clinical thinking and judgment I The capacity to accept jobs that require self-rule and a solid feeling of expert morals I Engaging in their expert job from the main day of training, in a cognizant nd moral way that requires reflection and mindfulness Regardless of whether the inspiration for curricular change comes from a longing to improve, or from outside impacts, the assignment is one that requires cautious arranging. Nonetheless, it is basic that any arranging procedure perceives the need to dream and imagine what could be, to make a model that will embody those dreams, and to deliver an alumni who is solid and steady to confront the complexities and difficulties of developing practice. When building up an educational program, four general inquiries must be posed: I What is the motivation behind the educational plan? I What instructive encounters can be made to satisfy this reason? What is the best way where to arrange these instructive encounters? I How would we be able to verify that the reason has been satisfied and the objectives achieved (Wiers et al. 2002)? Another exceptionally basic component of any change is the acknowledgment that the social setting is a key in overseeing change effectively. Hafferty (1998), while reflecting upon the real factors of a clinical school educational plan, talks about the presence of casual and shrouded educational programs just as the proper educational program. He sets that, so as to prompt an enduring change, the whole hierarchical culture should be locked in to e ncourage understudies and personnel the same in grasping and working with change. When confronting the errand of curricular change, update needs to happen as far as substance, yet in addition corresponding to the Chapter 2 Curriculum Development and Design 15 instructive procedures that empower the figuring out how to occur. This is the contrast between transforming the prospectus and improving the educational program; the general learning condition of the instructive program and foundation is changed (Burton and McDonald 2001). When the choice has been made to change the educational program, an initial step is to finished a natural sweep and situational investigation that investigate the instructive and authoritative condition inside the foundation, to figure out what will encourage the proposed changes. By characterizing a reasonable and recently enunciated set of riorities and rules, changes that are being made inside the educational program will be given the vehicle through which effect can be made upon the general condition (Genn

Electronic Banking Security Issues free essay sample

E-Banking: Security Issues Presentation of the Case I. Perspective The Philippine National Bank (PNB), the country’s first general bank, is the fifth biggest private neighborhood business bank as far as resources as of December 31, 2009. As the years progressed, PNB has driven the financial business with its spearheading endeavors in the Remittance Business for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) just as the presentation of numerous advancements, for example, the Bank on Wheels, modernized banking, ATM banking, versatile cash changing, Domestic Travelers’ Checks, and on-line electronic information preparing. PNB has the greatest number of abroad workplaces and one of the biggest local office systems among neighborhood banks. PNB Internet Banking is one of the electronic channels being offered to PNB account holders. It permits you to do your normal financial exchanges like taking care of your tabs, moving assets and inquisitive about your record balance safely through the Internet. It is an office wherein customers can safely and adequately assume responsibility for their corporate funds through the Internet. It additionally permits the client/s to deal with various representative access to accounts as per inner strategies. The execution of an effective e-banking system is a long way from being straight forward, as there are various inborn challenges/boundaries. The Internet as a station for administrations conveyance is generally not quite the same as different stations, for example, branch systems or phone banking. Along these lines, it raises its own extraordinary difficulties that require creative arrangements. In this manner, a consistent advance for the administration of banking related associations might be to completely comprehend the authoritative hindrances intrinsic in e-banking. The Internet has not just made beforehand non-existent open doors for savvy, unsurpassed accessible monetary administrations, it has additionally expanded the hugeness of various dangers which didn't exist or were not critical previously. Besides, various change the executives issues as a rule related with any new innovation usage are intensified just in light of the fact that a few applications, for example, e-banking have a more prominent and increasingly quick effect on the association. This investigation will examine probably the most widely recognized roblematic issues in e-banking usage and the board. The primary spotlight will be on those issues which present significant dangers to e-banking ventures and may keep banks from accomplishing their ideal e-banking related objectives. These include: customary structures which a few banks despite everything have and which can't react to deftness required for e-banking, opposition from representatives, heritage frameworks which are a deterrent to the incorporation of frameworks, security issues, new and complex administrative issues, and venture the board issues. II. Explanation of the Problem The investigation intended to decide the powerful method of getting to web banking and making sure about accountholder’s account. In particular, it looked for answers to the inquiries: 1. How secure is Internet Banking? 2. Can any other person get to one’s records through the Internet Banking? 3. Is it fitting to get to Internet Banking in open zones? III. Objective The study’s see is that to manage these rising dangers adequately, monetary organizations need as a base to have: †¢ Assurance of security and classification †¢ Protection against unapproved access or use Protection against foreseen dangers or perils IV. Zone of Consideration SWOT ANALYSIS E-BANKING Strength †¢ Customer access to data 24 hours every day †¢ Timely access to data †¢ Ability to offerâ a client more than one strategy ofâ retrieving data †¢ Sophisticated innovation frameworks †¢ Diversity assists with catching various sorts of market. †¢ The capaci ty to slice inward cost because of trend setting innovation †¢ Increasedâ efficiencyâ due toâ automation †¢ Increased exactness of banking exchange Weakness †¢ High expense of administration †¢ Continual needs of clients needs and needs Hostile sentiments of workers because of conceivable pending cutbacks dueâ to mechanization †¢ Multiple alternative for the clients †¢ Initial interest in innovation will be costly †¢ Attacking of programmers V. Zones of Consideration (Analysis of the case) The issues of the frameworks today are inalienable inside the arrangement of the correspondences and furthermore inside the PCs itself. The present focal point of security is on meeting layer conventions and the defects in start to finish processing. A protected start to finish exchange requires a safe convention to impart over untrusted channels, and a confided in code at the two endpoints. It is extremely critical to have a protected convention in light of the fact that the confided in directs truly don’t exist in a large portion of nature. For instance, downloading a game off the Internet would be hazardous in light of the fact that Trojan ponies and infections could fix the customer programming after it is on the nearby plate, particularly on frameworks like Windows 95 which doesn't give get to control to documents. This prompts the utilization of programming based assurances and equipment based insurances. Numerous frameworks today utilize some type of programming based insurance. Programming based securities are effortlessly acquired at lower costs than equipment based insurance. Therefore, programming based security is all the more broadly utilized. In any case, programming based assurance has numerous potential dangers. For programming based frameworks, there are four different ways to enter the framework. I. Assaulting the encryption calculations is one potential methodology. This type of assault would require a lot of time and exertion to be put to break in. ii. A more straightforward methodology would utilize beast power by really evaluating every conceivable blend to discover the secret phrase. ii. A third conceivable type of assault is to the bank’s server which is exceptionally impossible in light of the fact that these frameworks are extremely complex. iv. The fourth conceivable technique, which likewise happens to be the most probable assault, which is to assault the client’s PCs. This should be possible by various ways, for example, p lanting infections (e. g. Trojan pony) as referenced previously. Be that as it may, not at all like the conventional infections, the new infections will expect to have no noticeable consequences for the framework, along these lines making them increasingly hard to recognize and simple to spread inadvertently. VI. Elective Courses of Action Software-Based Systems In programming based security frameworks, the coding and unraveling of data is finished utilizing particular security programming. Because of the simple movability and simplicity of dispersion through systems, programming based frameworks are increasingly bottomless in the market. Encryption is the fundamental strategy utilized in this product based security framework. Encryption is a procedure that alters data such that makes it unintelligible until precisely the same procedure is turned around. By and large, there are two sorts of encryption. The first is the ordinary encryption plans, one key is utilized by two gatherings to both encode and unscramble the data. When the mystery key is entered, the data resembles a unimportant disorder of arbitrary characters. The document must be seen once it has been decoded utilizing precisely the same key. The second sort of encryption is known as open key encryption. In this technique, there are two distinct keys held by the client: an open key and a private key. These two keys are not tradable but rather they are correlative to one another, implying that they exist two by two. Along these lines, the open keys can be made open information, and posted in a database some place. Any individual who needs to make an impression on an individual can scramble the message with the beneficiary open key and this message must be decoded with the correlative private key. Consequently, no one however the proposed collector can decode the message. The private key stays on one’s PC and can't be moved by means of the Internet. This key is encoded to shield it from programmers breaking into the PC. There are four instances of current encryption innovation introduced underneath: Digital Signature, Secure Electronic Transaction, Pretty Good Privacy, and Kerberos. 1. Advanced Signature Digital Signature was first proposed in 1976 by Whitfield Duffie, at Stanford University. A computerized signature changes the message that is marked with the goal that any individual who peruses it can realize who sent it. The utilization of advanced marks utilizes a mystery key (private key) used to sign messages and an open key to confirm them. The message scrambled by the private key must be checked by the open key. It would be inconceivable for anybody however the sender to have made the mark, since the individual in question is the main individual with the entrance to the private key important to make the mark. Likewise, it is conceivable to apply a computerized mark to a message without scrambling it. This is typically done when the data in the message isn't basic. Moreover, this permits individuals to realize who form the message. In light of the mark contains data alleged â€Å"one-way hash†, it is difficult to manufacture a mark by replicating the mark square to another message. In this way, it is ensured that the mark is unique. One case of the utilization of advanced mark in the electronic financial industry is by First Digital Bank. The First Digital Bank offers electronic monetary certificates: messages marked utilizing a specific private key to give extraordinary qualifications and different administrations, for example, an electronic swap for money. â€Å"All messages bearing one key may merit a dollar, each one of those bearing an alternate key five dollars, etc for whatever divisions were required. These electronic certified receipts could be confirmed utilizing the comparing open key which the bank has made a matter of record. First Digital Bank would likewise make open a key to validate electronic archives sent from the bank to its clients. â

Reflection for professional development

Reflection for proficient turn of events Intelligent practice has been perceived by medicinal services experts as a fundamental apparatus to connect hypothesis to rehearse, which can assist us with gaining from our encounters (Jasper 2003a). During my first position I encountered an occurrence that a battled to manage on the grounds that I didn't comprehend the condition that the patient had. By utilizing an intelligent model I will return to this occurrence with the expectation of gaining from it to improve my future practice. There are numerous intelligent models that I could have utilized, for example, Johns Model of Structured Reflection, however the explanation that I chose not to was on the grounds that Johns (2004) ponders revealing the information behind the occurrence and the activities of others present, which I felt was not fit to my picked episode. The intelligent model that I have decided to utilize is Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), as I feel this is a straightforward model, which is all around organized and si mple to use at this beginning period in my course. Gibbs (1988) will assist me with exploring the experience further, utilizing an arranged system as direction. Portrayal what was the deal? I was helping an older patient that had Parkinsons sickness, with her beverage. It was my subsequent move and I had not had a lot of contact with the patients on the ward, however I felt sure enough to help this patient as I have past understanding of care. I was holding the cup for the patient while she was sucking the liquid through a straw, however she was battling as she wasnt sucking sufficiently hard. She got upset, and said that I was preventing the liquid from coming out of the straw and being detestable towards her; in any event, attempting to murder her! I was stunned by her allegations yet imagined that there must be a consistent clarification, so I remained with her, consoling and helping as well as could be expected, as I didnt need her to see that I was upset. I at that point left the ward and promptly went to look for exhortation from my coach. Feeling what were you thinking and feeling? At first, at the time my sentiments were for the patient, as I was worried that my activities had made her vibe compromised, yet I didnt get why. I felt humiliated by her remarks, and questioned myself, as this was a straightforward errand so how might I miss the point? I started to feel sad, however then immediately advised myself that there must be a sensible clarification. Assessment what was acceptable and awful about the experience? I felt upbeat and certain to help the patient. I alluded to the Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) code in my mind and reviewed that I should pick up agree before offering to help them NMC (2008), which she concurred. The patient showed up very and I figured it would be decent for her to have some communication, and to likewise feel calm with an understudy nurture thinking about them. The drawback was that the patient felt that I was being dreadful to them. It likewise made me question myself and the consideration that I was giving. I was likewise in an inlet region, so different patients would have heard their remarks. Would they at that point take a gander at me in an unexpected way, and not trust me to think about them as well? Examination what sense would you be able to think about the circumstance? The patient had no memory of what she had said to me and since the occurrence she has offered these remarks to other staff, which has comforted me and caused me to understand that I had done nothing incorrectly. My tutor clarified that a patient with Parkinsons can regularly carry on like this as they create dementia, which Noble (2007) likewise affirms. Since the occurrence I have found out about Parkinsons and am currently mindful that the patients bland face Netdoctor (2008), likewise offered her remarks show up all the more confounding and forceful. End what else would you be able to have done? I could have asked my tutor before helping the patient what the ailment resembled, so I was readied. I pondered about bringing over another individual from staff, which may have helped me to comprehend that the patient had a condition that was making her demonstration along these lines, yet I didnt need to seem unequipped for carrying out my responsibility. Activity Plan what might you do if this circumstance emerged once more? I am presently progressively arranged for any future patients with this malady as I have inquired about it. I will set aside the effort to converse with them, to ensure they are quiet with me, before giving any consideration. In the event that they seem upset I would get another individual from staff to assist me with reassuring them. From my appearance it is obvious to me that learning through intelligent practice and having the option to distinguish, and comprehend, my aptitudes and capacities in both hypothesis and practice are critical for me to have the option to go about as an expert specialist (Jasper 2003b). It is additionally significant that I take a gander at, and speak the truth about, the qualities and shortcomings that I have. With the goal that I am ready to distinguish these I have delivered two Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) investigation, one for hypothesis (Appendix An), and one for training (Appendix B). I am presently going to investigate these further, distinguishing the principle zones that I feel are essential to me, and my future turn of events. My SWOT investigation for hypothesis recognizes my qualities, in general, as being exceptionally sorted out with my groundwork for the work I need to attempt, with solid assurance and inspiration to succeed. (Reference section C) is a reflection that I composed in the wake of finishing my first week in college and exhibits these characteristics towards the course. It was significant for me to understand that selecting on an expert college course would imply that I turned into an autonomous student, who must have solid authoritative abilities so as to succeed (Burns Sinfield 2008a). I accept that from my readiness this is a solid quality that I have created. The shortcomings that I have recognized in my SWOT investigation for hypothesis, that I feel will influence my evaluations later on the off chance that they are not improved are referencing, amendment method and surpassing as far as possible on assignments. I feel that these are shortcomings since they are different to me and as a develop understudy I have been outside of scholastic investigation for quite a while. (Addendum D) for instance, is my criticism from my first task and shows how I have been punished one evaluation point for surpassing as far as possible. I should take a gander at these shortcomings all the more intently and plan to improve them extra time, as Burns Sinfield (2008b) have remarked, it requires significant investment and practice to be a decent understudy; we are not recently brought into the world that way. My SWOT investigation for training shows my qualities as needing to help individuals, being resolved to succeed, my ability to learn and esteeming individuals. These are on the whole great characteristics of a being an effective and expert medical attendant (NMC 2008). I have consistently had a mindful nature and I am resolved to succeed and be effective in what I decide to do. (Reference section E) is an intelligent diary that I composed after my second week in situation and obviously features my qualities by and by. I feel that during my time as an understudy nurture I will expand on these qualities significantly more. I have recognized my shortcomings practically speaking, from my SWOT investigation, as speaking with troublesome patients, indicating feeling and aseptic procedure. (Informative supplement F) exhibits how I thought that it was hard to speak with a patient since I didn't comprehend her condition. It was likewise hard for me not to acknowledge her conduct and show feeling at that point, unmistakably this is a zone I have to expand on for what's to come. I additionally need to rehearse my aseptic procedure as I feel exceptionally uncertain of the entire procedure, yet should have the option to get it directly as it will shield me and the patient from sullying (Dougherty Lister 2008). As indicated by Bulman Schutz (2008), nursing requires successful planning so we can mind ably, with information and expert abilities being created over an expert lifetime. One way this can be accomplished is through what Schon (1987) alludes to as specialized discernment, where experts are issue solvers that select specialized methods most appropriate to specific purposes. Issues are comprehended by applying hypothesis and strategy. In any case, Bulman Schutz (2008) contend this is inability to instruct and for us to gain from training and create thinking aptitudes. I would concur with them, as I gain best from down to earth understanding, and expand on it to improve my aptitudes. With this is mind, I am presently going to concentrate on my shortcomings, in both hypothesis and practice, and state how, when and why I intend to enhance these. Hypothesis Weaknesses Shortcoming Identified Referencing This is unfamiliar to me and when composing my first task I found that it occupied quite a bit of my time, as I battled with it. Update Technique According to Cottrell (2008a), perusing notes again and again is a trap with correction. This is the procedure that I would regularly utilize. Surpassing as far as possible on assignments I should accept more consideration with this as on my first task I was punished for it. How I Plan to Improve Referencing To work on working out references from various sources. Amendment Technique I have chosen to utilize the guidance of Cottrell (2008a) and produce record cards that ask me inquiries pertinent to my picked subject. I will likewise create a plan so as to deal with my time. Surpassing as far as possible on assignments I will check the words physically and ensure that I don't utilize the entire +10% again with the goal that I am at risk for being punished. At the point when I Plan to Improve Referencing When I get my criticism from my first task I will utilize the remarks on my referencing to control me. Amendment Technique I will begin setting up my record cards promptly and plan my schedule to begin after accommodation of this task. Surpassing as far as possible on assignments This is the following task that I will deliver so I will ensure that I stick to as far as possible. Why I Plan to Improve Referencing has a fundamental influence inside my composing Gimenez (2007), so right use and structure of references will impr

The Issue Of Eve Teasing Sociology Essay

The Issue Of Eve Teasing Sociology Essay Eve prodding is a typical social issue and ordinary ladies run over some type of eve prodding. For this situation, do you believe that ladies ought to be enabled to retaliate to end this abhorrent demonstration Explain and Illustrate Aai shundori, ekta gaan shuney jao na, said one of the young men. Ekdin toh amar shathey jetei hobey, said another. Panicked, multi year old Lima kept her head brought down and stimulated her pace as she strolled to class. That gathering of famous young men pestering her again as they have been for as long as scarcely any weeks. A quarter of a year prior one of the young ladies in her school ended it all. At the point when she heard the news, Lima couldnt make sense of why another little youngster like her would end her own life. That was until this every day provocation began. She contemplated internally, So this is the thing that Shathi probably felt like, this mortification, this humiliation, this is the reason she slaughtered herself . . . so this is the awful Eve Teasing. Eve prodding is a code word utilized for open lewd behavior, road provocation or attack of ladies by men. It is a developing social issue viewed as identified with misconduct in youth. This is a type of sexual animosity that ranges in seriousness from explicitly interesting comments, brushing openly puts, heckles, to by and large grabbing. Now and again it is alluded to with a demure proposal of blameless fun, causing it to seem innocuous with no subsequent obligation with respect to the entertainer. Eve prodding, as shocking as it seems to be, is in this manner a troublesome wrongdoing to demonstrate. As I would see it, eve prodding is an intense good and social wrongdoing completed by miscreants in the most corrupting way and it isn't so much a demonstration of manliness but instead of scoundrel weakness. The general financial status in Bangladesh is a lot of lower contrasted with neighboring nations, for example, India and Sri Lanka. For the normal young lady in Bangladesh, one of her most prized assets is her pride. Following the way of life and conventions likewise have the young ladies spruce up in a traditionalist way so as not to induce uncalled consideration from the guys. Truly, the childhood of young ladies in Bangladesh contrasts from numerous points of view from the young men. That is one reason why the mental effect and results of eve prodding are so wrecking to the person in question and her family. Eve prodding is presently a social pandemic in Bangladesh. In light of observational investigation (2008), the Hunger Project has distinguished a few effects of eve prodding in the general public of rustic Bangladesh. These are: a) Curtailed instruction: Sexual provocation expands young ladies drop-out rate from school. Guardians worried about their little girls respect or security now and then keep their girls home or potentially wed them off at an early age. b) Early marriage: Girls who are prodded or irritated are likewise driven into marriage, before they are truly or intellectually arranged. This likewise prompts increment of maternal and baby passings. c) Hindered improvement: Eve prodding adds to keeping up the low status of ladies. It additionally obstructs ladies in taking an interest in the proper business area. As about portion of the number of inhabitants in the nation are ladies, for the monetary improvement of the nation their interest in business is an absolute necessity. d) Eve prodding prompts youthful womans self destruction in Bangladesh. Some young ladies, unfit to manage the rehashed affronts, have even ventured to such an extreme as to end it all. As indicated by the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA), practically 90% of young ladies matured somewhere in the range of 10 and 18 years are casualties of open inappropriate behavior. As indicated by the Ain-O-Shalish Kendra (ASK) human rights association, atleast fourteen young ladies and ladies have ended their own lives among March and June 2010 across Bangladesh as an immediate aftereffect of eve prodding. It has not exclusively been suicides, in any case, even guardians of the people in question and protestors against eve mysteries have been attacked and murdered by the culprits. From January to November 2010, twenty six females and one dad of a tormented young lady ended it all, and ten men and two ladies were killed subsequent to challenging eve prodding/lewd behavior, as per a Bangladeshi rights gathering. The High Court on November 02nd 2010 communicated grave worry in following, grievous suicides of casualties, and related retribution killings. From that point forward, versatile courts in Bangladesh have been engaged to indict individuals blamed for explicitly hassling ladies or eve prodding. Anybody indicted for inappropriate behavior or following of ladies will confront a year in prison or a fine of about BDT 5000 or both. The Ministry of Children and Women Affairs have connected up with cell phone specialist co-ops in Bangladesh and stepped up to the plate and send mass instant messages asking individuals to be increasingly vocal against eve prodding. Covert police have been positioned in play areas to keep youthful guys from attacking female students. UNICEF has additionally participated in the battle against the developing social risk of eve prodding in Bangladesh. UNICEF and its accomplices additionally are attempting to make mindfulness by building up and supporting neighborhood immature gatherings called Kishori Clubs. The clubs permit young ladies and young men to figure out how to associate in positive manners and they partake in exercises that engage them to become operators of progress. There are additionally laws that basically make Eve prodding a culpable wrongdoing. For instance: Area 10 of Women and Children Repression and Prevention Act accommodates discipline of thorough detainment as long as 10 years and a fine if an individual so as to wrongfully fulfill his sexual desire by any of his organ contacts genital organ or any piece of the body of a lady or damages her unobtrusiveness. Area 9A of a similar Act expresses that if a lady ends it all in view of infringement of her humility by willing demonstrations of any individual without her assent or without wanting to, such individual for the offense of prompting her to end it all will be culpable with thorough discipline for a term not surpassing 10 years Segment 354 of Bangladesh Penal Code accommodates a discipline of as long as two years and a fine for any individual who ambushes or uses criminal power to any lady expecting to shock her humility or realizing all things considered, said act would. The same Bangladesh, eve prodding has likewise been an aggravation in India. The Government of India found a way to manage the issue. They took compelling medicinal estimates both legal and law implementation astute. The police were approached to be on the alarm to gather together Eve mysteries. The organization of disguised female cops for the object was especially compelling. Notwithstanding this were Womens help-lines, Women police headquarters and furthermore, extraordinary enemy of eve prodding cells by the police were set up in different urban communities. In certain urban communities where the issue was especially genuine like Tamil Nadu, eve prodding was made a non-bail capable offense. I accept that if the Government of Bangladesh additionally applies such measures, eve prodding will be additionally controlled somewhat. While the above are some reassuring instances of activities embraced to battle eve prodding, I imagine that another critical component that would assist this with causing is ladies being engaged as intends to retaliate. The jobs that people play in the public eye are not naturally decided they are socially decided, changing and alterable. Despite the fact that they might be supported as being required by culture or religion, these jobs differ broadly by region and change after some time. UNFPA has discovered that applying socially delicate methodologies can be the way to progressing womens rights while regarding various types of social association. Womens strengthening is imperative to reasonable turn of events and the acknowledgment of human rights for all. Strengthening implies giving lawful and good capacity to a person in all circles of life social, financial, political, mental, strict and otherworldly, which are basic for the endurance and over all advancement of the humankind. Strengthening communicates the intense thought that all individuals have cases to social plan that shield them from the most noticeably terrible maltreatment and hardships and secure the opportunity for an existence of nobility. The procedure of strengthening causes move the need to the most denied and prohibited, particularly to hardships in light of segregation. Womens strengthening could be considered as a procedure in which ladies increase more prominent portion of authority over assets, material, human and scholarly like information, data, thoughts and monetary assets like cash. Ladies ought to likewise be given authority over dynamic in the home, network and the general public. They ought to have the option to break liberated from the form set by man ce ntric standards. As indicated by Labor Force Survey 2000 of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the absolute evaluated regular citizen work powers of the nation is 60.3 million and among them 37.81% are female. These days ladies are progressively going into work advertise for the most part in instant pieces of clothing and associated area, tea gardens, NGOs, medicinal services administrations, food preparing industry, trade handling zones, administrations areas and business ventures and casual division, for example, development, farming and so on. One of the significant regions where ladies have discovered business has been the piece of clothing area. This industry utilizes around 10 million individuals straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, of which 90% are ladies laborers.  In Bangladesh, ladies are likewise engaged with governmental issues. The head administrator, remote clergyman, home priest, farming priest, agent pioneer of the House and the pioneer of the restriction are female. However, as indicated by an overview, like clockwork a lady is explicitly pestered. Like clockwork one lady is attacked. Eve prodding is something that a lady needs to fight with ordinary. Be that as it may, we can improve it for our ladies by settling the accompanying issues of the diverse Empowerment types: Social Empowerment: Social strengthening incorporates uniformity of treatment, equity of regard, fairness of opportu

Henry Ford :: essays research papers

The Success of a Man      To state that Henry Ford faltered around before at last building up a genuine vehicle organization would be invalid. The multi year elderly person had been procuring significant information with respect to business, motors, the executives, and above all vehicles. Presently the time had come to go out on a limb a.      In 1903 the Ford Motor Company became. Portage, alongside different speculators including John and Horace Dodge brought $28,000 and up in the initial 15 months created 1700 Model A vehicles. These vehicles were known for their unwavering quality, yet were still unreasonably costly for the normal American. Throughout the following five years Ford and his designers created models with the letters B through S, the best of which was the Model N (evaluated at $500) , and the most ineffective was the Model K (estimated at $2500). It was evident from the Model N that the way in to the organizations achievement lay in reasonable vehicles for a mass market. The appropriate response that Ford and the American shopper were searching for was the Model T.      The Model T, a little, strong four-chamber vehicle with an alluring structure and a top speed of 45 mph, hit the market in 1908. It’s achievement originated from it’s appealing cost, at $850, and more than 10,000 were sold in the main year alone. It was anything but difficult to work, keep up, handle on harsh streets, and promptly turned into a triumph. Alongside progress came extension, and in 1910 he set up another gathering plant in Highland Park, Michigan. Through compatible parts, standard assembling, and a division work, the interest incredibly expanded for the Model T. It was as of now in 1913 that Ford presented the mechanical production system and perpetually changed our economy, our industry, and our way of life.      Ford’s idea of a sequential construction system sprang from the idea that a vehicle could be created a lot faster if every individual did one, single undertaking. He applied this in his Highland Park plant, and chop down creation time of one Model T to a portion on the time. The painstakingly coordinated pace of a transport line moving the parts along further speeded the procedure. With these new strategies, a manufacturing plant could create 40%-60% more vehicles every month. By late 1913 he had built up get together plants in Canada, Europe, Australia, South America, and Japan. Now, the Ford Motor Company was the biggest maker of vehicles on the planet.

How To Master The Emotional Change Curve

How To Master The Emotional Change Curve THE CHANGE CURVEThe Emotional Change Curve, or simply known as the Change Curve, is a model that is employed in business and change management, primarily as a tool to understand the various stages of organizational change and personal transition of individuals that are affected by change.It did not start out that way, though. When Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a psychiatrist, first developed the Change Curve in 1969, its purpose was to understand what people go through when dealing with grief and bereavement. More specifically, it was originally used to find out how people handle the news that they have a terminal illness.Over the years, the Change Curve has evolved and undergone many variations, until it now became one of the most powerful models used in business management. It is now seen as an effective tool in accelerating change and increasing the rate of success of these changes.Business owners see the advantages of being able to predict how their people, or the members of the organiz ation, react to changes as they take place. This will then enable them to implement measures that will help them through their respective personal transitions, providing them the aid and support that they require during the transition period and even beyond that.It is a fact that one of the biggest assets of every business is its manpower. Productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness start from the workforce; without them, any business’ goal of growth and profitability will not be achieved.Let us take a brief look at the Change Curve by listing down the 4 stages that people go through while they are adjusting to change.Stage 1: Status QuoThis is when the change is first introduced, and the people express their initial reactions. Usually, they will be in a state of shock or even denial. They just found out about the change, and the impact has not yet fully sank in. Once it does, the tendency is for them to react negatively, resisting to the change.Stage 2: Disruption“The change is real.” It is, indeed, going to happen. Fear will start crowding in, along with anger. ‘What ifs’ will start flooding the minds of the members of the organization. They will also start becoming vocal or demonstrative in showing their anger and their fear, and this is often in the form of protests, which are disruptive and can potentially cause more harm to the company.Stage 3: ExplorationIf the people want to move on, instead of remaining stuck in stage 2, some open-mindedness is called for. All the negative feelings and thoughts in stage 2 will have to be transformed into optimism, which will then make way for acceptance of the changes. This means that they are more open to testing and exploring the implications of those changes, so they will be able to figure out how to adapt to them.Stage 4: RebuildingThe people will now embrace the changes, fully imbibing them and applying them in their functions.When the workforce has reached the last stage, the organization will then be able to start reaping the benefits of the changes it has implemented.HOW TO MASTER THE EMOTIONAL CHANGE CURVE Change is constant; it is something that cannot be avoided or even prevented. What can be done, however, is to manage it or, better yet, to master it. In business, organizations have to deal with different types of changes all the time. It is already inherent in the business process that things are not going to stay the same. Both internal and external factors will be at work to bring about these changes, which the organization has to adapt to.When we speak of change taking place in an organization, we are likely to think about changes in the organizational structure, the systems and process, as well as in the external forces that the company deals with on a regular basis. What many tend to overlook, though, is how the members of the organization deal with such changes. How do they go about the transition? Do they accept the changes willingly, or are they resistant to it? There is a need to answer these questions, and we can find those answers by using the Change Curve. © 1969 by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross; copyright renewed © 1997 by Elisabeth Kubler-RossIn this article, I will explore 1) the change curve and 2) how to master the emotional change curve.THE CHANGE CURVEThe Emotional Change Curve, or simply known as the Change Curve, is a model that is employed in business and change management, primarily as a tool to understand the various stages of organizational change and personal transition of individuals that are affected by change.It did not start out that way, though. When Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a psychiatrist, first developed the Change Curve in 1969, its purpose was to understand what people go through when dealing with grief and bereavement. More specifically, it was originally used to find out how people handle the news that they have a terminal illness.Over the years, the Change Curve has evolved and undergone many variations, until it now became one of the most powerful models used in business management. It is now seen as an effective too l in accelerating change and increasing the rate of success of these changes.Business owners see the advantages of being able to predict how their people, or the members of the organization, react to changes as they take place. This will then enable them to implement measures that will help them through their respective personal transitions, providing them the aid and support that they require during the transition period and even beyond that.It is a fact that one of the biggest assets of every business is its manpower. Productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness start from the workforce; without them, any business’ goal of growth and profitability will not be achieved.Let us take a brief look at the Change Curve by listing down the 4 stages that people go through while they are adjusting to change.Stage 1: Status QuoThis is when the change is first introduced, and the people express their initial reactions. Usually, they will be in a state of shock or even denial. They just found out about the change, and the impact has not yet fully sank in. Once it does, the tendency is for them to react negatively, resisting to the change.Stage 2: Disruption“The change is real.” It is, indeed, going to happen. Fear will start crowding in, along with anger. ‘What ifs’ will start flooding the minds of the members of the organization. They will also start becoming vocal or demonstrative in showing their anger and their fear, and this is often in the form of protests, which are disruptive and can potentially cause more harm to the company.Stage 3: ExplorationIf the people want to move on, instead of remaining stuck in stage 2, some open-mindedness is called for. All the negative feelings and thoughts in stage 2 will have to be transformed into optimism, which will then make way for acceptance of the changes. This means that they are more open to testing and exploring the implications of those changes, so they will be able to figure out how to adapt to them.Stage 4: R ebuildingThe people will now embrace the changes, fully imbibing them and applying them in their functions.When the workforce has reached the last stage, the organization will then be able to start reaping the benefits of the changes it has implemented.HOW TO MASTER THE EMOTIONAL CHANGE CURVEMany business owners are likely to say that understanding their people and their reactions toward change is easier said than done. Yes, it is tough, but it is not impossible. You can manage the Change Curve and eventually master it. Here are some ways to accomplish that.The first and very important step in mastering the Change Curve, is to understand it, especially the stages. You, as the business owner or project manager, must be aware of the typical reactions and responses during the different stages of the curve so you will know how to react to them accordingly.Managing Stage 1In this stage, the key word is communication. More often than not, the state of shock and denial that they are experi encing are caused by:Lack of information about the changes;A general fear of the unknown;An accompanying fear of appearing inept, stupid or uninformed.These can be mitigated through proper communication. The fear of the unknown is an almost natural reaction, and can be alleviated when they are able to communicate or interact with the proponents of that “unknown”.Acknowledge the fact that people resist change for a reason.When faced with resistance or refusal to accept changes from your people, it would be wrong to easily dismiss their opinions as brought on by awkwardness or bull-headedness. Put yourself in their position. It is possible that you can only see the positive benefits of those changes to the organization, but not the effects on your people personally.Your people are bound to ask you the “what’s in it for me?” question, and rightly so. This is the primary issue that you will have to contend with. Delve deeper into their thoughts. Why are they afraid? Why do the y feel threatened?Conduct information dissemination activities.Assuming that the organization already has platforms for sharing information, such as bulletin boards, company newsletters and publications, and documentation mechanism that goes all the way to the lower levels. Many organizations now also utilize the internet, especially if they have a working intranet in place.What information should you offer or communicate? Start with that the change is and what its potential effects are â€" to the organization as a whole and to the individual members. Provide as much details as you have to, focusing on the key points. Do not forget to include the reasons for the change. What are your objectives in enforcing the change, and what are you hoping to achieve with them?Communicate with members of the organization.This is actually the best thing that you can do in order to manage the Curve, particularly during the first stage.Top management, or whoever is proposing the change, should prese nt itself as accessible to everyone. They must be a source of reassurance and a ready and steady source of support. When there are questions, they must be on hand with ready answers. In fact, it would be best to maximize face-to-face communication.Pace your communication.If you are not careful, you might overwhelm your employees with too much information in a short amount of time. Communicate with them regularly, but pace it well, so that they will not feel like they are being bombarded with information. Being overwhelmed will only confuse them and make them react even more negatively.Managing Stage 2This stage is deemed to be the most critical stage. This is where anxieties, doubts, anger and even depression surface. Morale is going to be low, and you can expect a dip in the performance and productivity of the organization.Organizations often expend the most effort and energy in keeping things under control during stage 2. Failure to handle this stage properly pretty much means fai lure of the entire implementation of change.Plan and be prepared. From what you have gleaned during stage 1, you should now start making plans accordingly. Adopt an anticipative attitude, preparing answers and proposing actions that can be done once your people present their objections and the reason behind them.Come up with alternatives and present them. Seeing things from the point of view of the employees will then prompt you to come up with possible alternative solutions. You must be able to present solutions that will mitigate or solve the problems that they are likely to encounter due to the changes you are putting into place.Again, maintain open lines of communication at all times. Employees should always feel that they can reach the top management at all times. This will give them a boost of confidence and will also pave the way towards convincing them to accept the changes.Be observant.  As stage 2 is the most dangerous stage, it might not be a good idea to be very proactiv e. Most organizations take to simply sitting back, listening, and watching, instead of actively going out there to persuade their team to cooperate. Playing the part of the observer will make them more prepared to respond to any unexpected event or circumstance.Do not be averse to employees seeking the companionship of their colleagues. Do not immediately assume that they are banding together to launch a protest. It is also highly possible that they are simply seeking reassurance that they are not the only ones going through the same feelings or emotions. Connecting with their peers is probably one of their best sources of support, thanks mainly to their shared experiences.Managing Stage 3Just because they are beginning to come around does not mean that your work is done. They are still getting used to the idea of the change taking place, so you’ll have to prod them along.Give them time.Do not rush them into accepting the changes. Change is not something that is easily accepted, s o it is a given that they will need some time to get used to it. But what if you are time-bound, or you only have limited line?One thing you can do is to communicate a timeline so your employees will be guided, and they will also have a sense of urgency without feeling too rushed or pressured.Be patient.This is a particularly turbulent stage, especially for your people, so you should not expect them to turn in 100% productivity. Your operations are likely to still suffer during this stage, so you just have to be patient and let the stage pass, knowing that, soon, the recovery period will begin.Again, always be on hand to provide support and assistance.They would now start to explore the possibilities, and even test the potential effects that the changes may bring to them. These support and assistance could come in the form of the following:Training and workshops. You will be hitting two birds with one stone through this method. First, you will have well-trained people, and second, t hey will be trained so as to be equipped and prepared to deal with the changes you will be implementing.Simulations. Give them a taste or a peek at the changes and what they could bring. This is a good way to allow them to learn and, eventually, grow to accept the changes.Communication is always integral in any stage of the curve.This time around, as they are becoming more enthusiastic, and optimism is on the rise, continue communicating with them in order to encourage them to embrace those changes instead of resisting them. To do this, you may present them with exciting new opportunities that may arise from the change. Think of it as that final push towards full acceptance.Provide regular progress reports and offer praise and recognition when they are called for.You do not want to lose the momentum you are gaining, so you have to keep the mood high. There is always that possibility that a buoyant mood may arise, but it will drop once again, reverting to stage 2. By ensuring that th e mood stays high, reverting to earlier stages will not happen.Managing Stage 4You’ve reached the final stage. Is your work done? Of course not.The changes have been implemented, and the people have accepted them. In fact, they have become second nature to them already. You may already have been starting to reap the benefits, watching your profits skyrocket and your business expand.But do not rest on your laurels. The Change Curve is not yet over.Monitor. Of course, you want to see whether the effects of the changes that you have foreseen are actually happening. The best way to do this is to establish a good feedback mechanism â€" possibly even more than one â€" to know the thoughts of your employees after embracing the change and executing them.Conduct activities that are aimed to repeat and reinforce the objectives and strategies you have put in place. Make sure that the employees will clearly see that the changes are still aligned with the vision of the business.Give credit whe re it is due. You are more profitable. Productivity is up, employee morale is as high as ever, and the future looks positively brilliant. It is time to celebrate and acknowledge the vital role that your people played in the success of the changes.Always maintain open lines of communication. Communication is vital in all stages. Even when you are now riding on the success of the changes, you still have to remain connected to your people.There is another thing that you have to keep in mind when dealing with change or trying to manage the emotional change curve: each person is unique, so it also follows that they will have unique reactions to change. In a group of people, you will find mixed reactions to change. Some will accept it right off the bat; others will turn it down flat at the first mention. Some will display some apprehension and will ask a lot of questions, while others will keep their doubts to themselves, stewing in silence.Your choice of activities in your effort to mana ge and master the curve will depend on the personality of these individuals and how they react to change. Do not be surprised when one method will work on one group or team, but not on the others.This is why it is important to be familiar with the members of your organization or their personalities in order for you to master the Change Curve more effectively. It will help you understand your people better, interpret their reactions more accurately, and figure out what barriers are preventing them from accepting change. It will also help you come up with solutions and recommendations on how to overcome this resistance, make them embrace the change, and start reaping the benefits of the change.

Citizenship - Highly Debated Throughout History - Free Essay Example

Its important to discuss citizenship because being able to define what constitutes as civic engagement can solidify the way we solve or discuss problems within our society. Some, like Aristotle, believe that citizenship is dictated by the power to take part in the decisions of a state or by possession of a government position. Others, like John Dewey, emphasized the idea of working as a whole for the common good and focusing on the public rather than a sole individual. Both takes on citizenship are flawed†Aristotles is too alienating, and Deweys concept is too idealistic†but both takes got certain points about citizenship correct. Aristotle claims that the citizen () differs under each form of government, (Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2024) that is to say, a citizen in a democracy will most likely not be a citizen in a dictatorship. This is not because of birthright, but rather because different types of government systems have different principles and values. In terms of a democracy, he insists that citizens are those who hold a position in government or who have the opportunity to make administrative decisions. As a result, laborers cannot be considered citizens because we cannot consider all those to be citizens who are necessary to the existence of the state (Aristotle, The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2028). Since they have several responsibilities and obligations, they cant have the time to deliberate the issues and concerns of a society and thus cannot be considered a citizen. Aristotles requirements on who can be considered a citizen are much too demanding and, in this day, and age, a very few number of people are actually able to fulfill these requisites. In addition, Aristotles views are also very elitist. It places citizenship solely on people that hold a government office, leaving the majority of society who cannot give as much time to leisurely activities or to things like education or political activism out of the running. This only works in forming an unfair hierarchy, with the upper class at the top and in control while the lower classes are forced towards the bottom. According to Aristotle, citizens should have little to no responsibilities, which is almost impossible nowadays since everyone has a job or a career that requires their time and attention. His demands are incredibly difficult to be met in todays world, which doesnt put his theory on a solid base. On the other hand, Aristotles take on the qualifications needed to be considered a citiz en encourage political participation. Citizens would be required to make well-informed decisions affecting the public. Political participation†or lack thereof†is an issue in todays world. Its fair to assert that only those actively engaged in making change are citizens. These citizens would be civic agents and theyre the ones that work to improve our political community by starting discussions and bringing about change that will improve everyones life and not just a single groups. Voting is an example of civic agency and it is the lack of voter participation that is a huge issue in our society now. People are not being as politically active as they can be either for lack of availability or apathy and its affecting the way we are governed. John Dewey argues that democracy should be embedded not only in our political community, but in every aspect of our everyday lives. Everyone longs for freedom and its their search for it that can lead to conflict. Democracy, he believes, is the solution to these issues since it can serve as a moderator for individuals. A democratic government will ideally give everyone equal rights, as well as protect and defend them. Everyone will be entitled to stating their beliefs and interests. He claims that a good citizen finds his conduct as a member of a political group enriching and enriched by his participation in family life, industry, scientific and artistic associations, (Dewey, The Public and its Problems, 148) meaning that in order to be considered a good citizen one must not only be involved in the political community but said involvement will be improved by all other aspects of their life. As a result, they will be more well-rounded and prepared to take on the challenges that inevi tably appear when in a democracy. If the public are deprived of education and knowledge, then they will be ill-informed and unable to make decisions that benefit the public as a whole. As a result, the society will no longer be a democracy since only those with enough power to receive an education will be ruling. Only when education and proper communication channels are adapted so that theyre available to everyone will there be an ideal democracy. By using our intellect, scientific inquiry, and moral reasoning, we can solve our problems. In order to be a good citizen, according to Dewey, one must obtain an effective sense of being an individually distinctive member of society; one who understands and appreciates its beliefs, desires and methods, and who contributes to a further conversion of organic powers into human resources and values (Dewey, The Public and its Problems, 134). Deweys ideas seem more plausible than Aristotles. For one, its not as exclusive or elitist. He places tremendous importance on education for all, which is easy to support. The idea that everyone needs to have access to the same education in order to make decisions that will affect everyone is a good one. Today, a lot of people tend to vote or spout rhetoric without being fully informed and seeing the complete picture. This is an issue because if you vote without being knowledgeable on the topic, you could potentially be harming yourself and other people. Democracy is a system that permits everyone to have a voice. There are many issues with our society today. For starters, its getting more and more difficult to hold a meaningful conversation with someone of differing opinions. The polarization of our society causes us to be forceful, rather than patient and understanding. The problem with Deweys view, however, is that he is far too idealistic. There will always be a difference of opi nion amongst citizens in a society and no matter how much we all communicate, there are times when no one can reach an agreement. If one is reached, there will always be someone that is unhappy with the compromise or decision. Not only that, but there will always be citizens that perhaps do not want to communicate. People tend to be set in their ways and can be very opposed to change. Theres really not much that can be done to change the perspective of these people. The best way to determine citizenship is through civic agency. As long as someone is actively engaged in their community and contributes ideas and actions that only serve to progress society, they can be considered a citizen. There is too much relevance given to whether or not someone who is part of the state can be a citizen. For one thing, change can be brought about by anyone†a part of the state or not†its all about determination and dedication. Secondly, assuming that a political community is not necessarily an entire nation, then someones relation to the state is irrelevant since a political community can be entirely local or perhaps completely separate from the state.

Malcolm X Rights of African Americans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 813 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Malcolm X Essay Did you like this example? African Americans have come a long way for freedom and civil rights. Because of this, movements have taken place peacefully throughout history to obtain these opportunities. Prominent figures in society have fought for minorities to be free, represented, and understood. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malcolm X: Rights of African Americans" essay for you Create order Although these privileges are now apparent in the world, for most, they are still presented with trials and tribulations that ultimately prohibit them from prospering in the same way as their counterparts. Malcolm X, an African American activist, and minister helped shaped the Civil Rights era by continuing his education to become an advocate for black rights, introducing his philosophies to allow others to understand their significance in society, and by influencing others to continue championing for civil rights. Malcolm X furthered his education and in doing so was motivated to push for African Americans rights. He graduated from junior high school at the top of his class, only to lose interest after a favorite teacher told him that his dream of becoming a lawyer was, no realistic goal for a negro (Malcolm X: The Ballot or the Bullet par 1). Malcolm X was a stellar student that was shattered after his teachers harsh words. X willingly listened to this negativity and gave up. As a result, he summoned up vengeance and got into trouble. In 1946, while imprisoned for robbery, Malcolm X converted to the Black Muslim faith and, within years of his release, rose up the ranks as a minister in the Nation of Islam (Malcolm X: The Ballot or the Bullet par 2). After realizing his mistake, X turned his life around and became a minister and to preach the values of freedoms to his people for representation. This allowed him to prosper and teach Black Americans their standing in life along with their purpos e. Malcolm Xs philosophies allowed African Americans to understand their importance in the world. Malcolm Xs charisma and intelligence allowed people to take interest in him as he advocated for black rights. Because of this, X uncovered the true accounts of what African Americans faced in a racially conscious world. Malcolm X wanted African Americans to prevail and often urged those to seek courage like himself and voice their opinions. He espoused the primacy of racial dignity and encouraged the black man to elevate his own society instead of trying to force himself into the unwanted presence of the white society (Malcolm X 1925-1965 par 12). X preached for the black man to venture outside of the white mans world and way of thinking to achieve growth and gain independence to create a world symbolic and worthy of their own culture. Because of this, Black Americans were given the motivation to overcome their daily struggles by furthering their education, building their own businesses to become independent from their counterparts. Malcolm Xs legacy influenced others to continue their favoring for black rights even after his assassination. Malcolms immediate legacy was in the burgeoning black power movement in which he directly influenced the political development of Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale (Cuthbert-Kerr par 5). With an inspiration from X, both Newton. By influencing various organizations to movies and music, the legacy Malcolm X left behind was embraced fully. Individuals continue to bring awareness to black lives and their matters by standing firmly to help overcome living in a society full of pressures to build a foundation of positivity. Today, Malcolm X continues his prominent legacy as a courageous figure in history that fought peacefully for black rights throughout the fifties and sixties. With these challenges being hard to fathom during the civil rights movement, X stood by his people and promoted peaceful protests to boycott the harsh treatments experienced by those around them. Although Malcolm X was known to be controversial by speaking out for African Americans, there is no denying that he impacted black culture through his teachings, his enamored ways of identifying equality and by standing up for what was right even though many did not agree. Without Malcolm Xs contributions in the world, the beauty of being black would not be as significant and symbolic as it is today. Works Cited Cuthbert-Kerr, Simon. Malcolm X. Encyclopedia of American Studies, edited by Simon Bronner, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1st edition, 2016. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/jhueas/malcolm_x/0?institutionId=8703. Accessed 10 Mar 2018. Malcolm X (19251965). The 100 Greatest Americans of the 20th Century: A Social Justice Hall of Fame, Peter Dreier, Nation Books, 1st edition, 2012. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/persgreatest/malcolm_x_1925_1965/0?institutionId=8703. Accessed 10 Mar 2018. Malcolm X: The Ballot or the Bullet, April 3, 1964. Ripples of Hope: Great American Civil Rights Speeches, edited by Josh. Gottheimer, et al., Perseus, 1st edition, 2003. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/pershope/malcolm_x_the_ballot_or_the_bullet_april_3_1964/0?institutionId=8703.

Aging in Todays World Essay - 639 Words

When you think of the term senior citizen what comes to mind? Do the words disabled and old come to mind, or do you visualize wisdom and patience? The word old is looked upon in todays society as a â€Å"dirty† word. Yet we will all be old someday. Ageism-the discrimination according to a persons age is a known stereotype just as racial, or religious discrimination. We must end this way of thinking soon or else our elders will feel unwelcome in their jobs and in their communities. Age discrimination in the Employment Act has not been enough to restrict ageism. Like all stereotypes age discrimination views older people as sickly and unskillful. Companies criteria for hiring, firing, and salary decisions are still based on age even after†¦show more content†¦This volunteer work doesnt involve baking cookies or answering phones nowadays their doing important and distinguished tasks which help to enrich the quality of our country. This elderly minority is making a significant contribution to our population. The divorce rate in todays society calls for a more dependable family than in the past. Many families depend on two stable incomes but this is not made available to all. So in many cases grandparents and elderly people are looked upon for help. Grandparents are picking up the loose ends of their families. As of March 9, 1997, it was estimated that grandparents were raising 3.4 million children and 6 million families were dependent on them for prime child care. Senior citizens and elderly persons do have jobs whether in a store, a company, or helping their families when they are needed. What about the physically challenged? These less-active people are able to offer a different type of contribution. They are able to contribute wisdom and love to members of the younger generation. Another way of contributing is through mentoring programs and guidance for children. In a society which many young people feel lost, it would be a shame to overlook such contributions. Discrimination on the basis of age goesShow MoreRelatedSlowing the Biological Clock Essays1068 Words   |  5 Pagesare several contributing factors to speeding up the aging process such as, stress, vitamin and mineral deficiency, or excessive food intakes. Reducing and or limiting these factors can play a major role in how the body continues to age. As an individual age his or her body is more susceptible to natural ways of slowing the biological clock rather than non-natural ways of change. The aging process is something that is inevitable, but people of today’s time tend to make an effort to slow it down as muchRead MoreA Silver Fox868 Words   |  4 Pagessocietal ignorance. Virility, affluence, and power, are components of the formula that represents Hollywood’s longstanding depiction of a silver fox. 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Bp s ( British Petroleum ) Oil Spill Crisis - 2060 Words

We decided to look closer at BP’s (British Petroleum) oil spill crisis in 2010. It is British multinational oil and Gas Company, their headquarter is based on London, England. According to PFC Energy, it is the fifth-largest company in the world measured by revenues in 2012, and the sixth-largest in oil and gas industry if measured by production in 2012. BP’s annual report states that as of December 2013, BP operates in approximately 80 countries. On April 20, 2010 the explosion and sinking of Deepwater Horizon oil rig happened, it was located in the Gulf of Mexico. The well was finally capped on July 15, 2010. By that time an â€Å"estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil had leaked into the Gulf† (ocean.si.edu). This awful tragedy killed 11 people. Unfortunately, this is not the only example of environmental harm. Companies in oil industry cause various environmental problems. 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Midsummer Night s Dream And Disney s Aladdin - 937 Words

There s different genres of movies, plays, and stories. Horror, fantasy, tragedy, comedy, romance, mystery, etc. In these genres are different plots to each story, each ending differently. However the stories all follow the same set of elements depending on its genre. These elements separate the genres from each other, a happy ending doesn’t occur in a tragedy but is seen in comedy. Romance can end in a tragedy or with a happy ending. Modern or centuries old, each genre use these elements, whether the writers realize it. For example, comedy has plenty of elements that are used, although not all are applied but most are. Shakespeare s Midsummer Night s Dream and Disney s Aladdin are good examples of this. In Midsummer Night s Dream, the story starts with Theseus, duke of Athens, engaged to Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons. While preparing for their wedding, Theseus is confronted by Egeus, who brings criticism about his daughter Hermia, who refuses his wishes to marry Demetrius, for she is in love with Lysander. Egeus demands that either Hermia respects his wishes or be punished by the Athenian law. While Hermia is in love with Lysander and vice versa, Demetrius is in love with Hermia and ignores Helena, Hermia s childhood friend, unrequited love. While this is going on, in the forest where the fairies live there is also a situation. Oberon, the king of the fairies, wants Titania s, his beautiful wife and queen of the fairies, changeling as a knight. Titania refusesShow MoreRelatedAlan Menken s The Whole New World1554 Words   |  7 Pages Norman Menken, DDS, was a piano playing dentist (Biography Comments 1). His whole family loved Broadway musicals and they spent many nights together just listening to his father play piano, Alan once said, â€Å"I showed an interest in piano at a very young age, but I hated to practice, so when my parents left the room I d make up my own version of the piece. That s how I started composing† (The Whole New World of Alan Menken 1). Menken lived a very happy and prosperous childhood at home with his sisters

Philippine Literature Free Essays

A Brief History of Philippine Literature in English I. Pre-Colonial Period –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consisted of early Filipino literature passed down orally; oral pieces have a  communal  authorship – it was difficult to trace the original author of the piece since oral literature did not focus on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of storytelling itself; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the new literary influence brought about by the Spanish colonization; however, according to the  Philippine Literature: A History amp; Anthology, English Edition (Lumbera, B. amp; Lumbera C. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now ), the pre-colonial period of Philippine literature is considered the longest in the country’s history; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily life activities such as housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the children as well; –   Ã‚   Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adventures; they attempted to explain certain natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment purposes;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pre-colonial literature showed certain elements that linked the Filipino culture to other Southeast Asian countries (e. g. oral pieces which were performed through a tribal dance have certain similarities to the Malay dance); –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the people before the arrival of a huge cultural influence – literature as a cultural tradition, than a form of art that had a particular set of decorum.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early Forms of Philippine Literature:   Ã‚   Bugtong (riddles; a bugtong contains a metaphor called,Talinghaga), Salawikain (proverb);     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Pre-colonial p oetry – Tanaga (expresses a view or a value of the world), Ambahan (songs about childhood, human relationships, hospitality; sung by the Mangyan), Duplo (verbal jousts/games), Bayok (thoughts about love), Balagtasan (performed on stage);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Epic poetry – romantic heroes and heroines that are a reflection of the world as perceived by the early Filipinos.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notable Works of the Pre-colonial Period:   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚     Ã‚   Tuwaang, Lam-ang, Hinilawod, Bantugan II. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-16th – late 19th century) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Spanish culture, as reflected in the works of this literature period, showed a clash with the pre-colonial Filipino literature in the beginning. However, due to the length of stay of the colonizers, the Spanish culture was eventually imbued in the Filipino literature of the period; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Religion became an important theme that had influenced the early Filipino writings which had the presence of paganism – â€Å"Christian Folk-Tale†;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the influence of religion, besides on the daily life of the natives, was lead by the friar/missionary/parish priest who were appointed by the Spanish government; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite the goal of the Spanish government to turn the country into a full-fledged European colony, the Spanish influence ironically ins pired a reformation from the natives, which eventually turned into a revolution; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet regardless of the conflicts that plagued the relationship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos, a sense of nationalism was formed among the oppressed, and had caused them to rise up to a nationalistic cause;    The  essay  genre was recognized amidst the scene of editorial protest – Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H. Del Pilar) were among those who opt in using the pen in voicing out the people’s cry instead of the sword; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction of the roman alphabet that gradually replaced the ‘alibata’; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Filipino literature of this period became the predecessor of many more literary works to come in the ages, wherein the theme of nationalism and freedom of speech would be evident.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippine Literature and Art during the Spanish Period:   Ã‚   Pasyon and Sinakulo (religious dramas performed during the Holy Week);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Narrative Poems – Awit; Corrido;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Komedya – a theatrical performance which captured the ideal European lifestyle as portrayed by medieval characters  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Notable Works of the Spanish Period: o  Ã‚   Doctrina Christiana (1593) – the first book ever published in the Philippines; printed by the Dominican Press;   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   May Bagyo Mat’ May Rilim – according to literary historian, Bienvenido Lumbera, is the first printed literary work in Tagalog;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong P. Natin na Tola (1704) – eventually referred to as â€Å"Pasyon,† was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen; an example of Christian folk epic in which the passion of Jesus Christ was written in relation with the plight of the Filipino people who were oppressed by the colonizers, as well as the values of a Filipino;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Ninay (1885) – first Filipino novel written; Pedro Paterno;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Florante at Laura – Francisco â€Å"Balagtas† Baltazar; though there are symbols and themes which dictate the protest of the Filipino against the Spanish regime, it is uncertain as to whether or not Balagtas had intended the issue – which was subtly derived from his work – since he left no notes or additional pieces hat may affirm the conclusion;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) – Jose Rizal; works which created an impact on the national consciousness and love for one’s country against the abusive government of the Spaniards;     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   La Solidaridad – Propagandist newspaper. III. American Colonial Period (Late 19th – Mid-20th century) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gradual decline of the Philippine literature written in Spanish; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The English language eventually became the medium of writing and instruction in schools; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the Spanish colonizers left the country in accordance with the Treaty of Paris, the spirit of nationalism and the desire to be acknowledged of independence did not disappear just yet. Instead, these uniting forces geared into revolting against the new colonizers; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the American colonization period, Phi lippine literature reflected the ethos of its people under a new role. However, these day-to-day experiences under a new foreign influence, as well as sentiments, were expressed through the English language; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Spanish ‘sarsuwela’ was eventually replaced by the ‘drama’; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One major influence of the American occupation on the Filipino literature is its refining in the context of the content and the form. Furthermore, because of this broadened knowledge on the field of literature through the education provided by the American government, Philippine literature has become more than a tradition formed by culture. It has become an art which succeeding poets, fictionists, and playwrights continue to build upon and enrich in every generation; –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beginning with Rizal’s use of social realism as one of the major hemes for his two major novels, the literature during the American colonization also became an involvement, not just reflecting the Filipino experience – a strengthened sense of nationalism deeply rooted in the Filipino pride and culture; –   Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike in the Spanish colonization period wherein female writers (e. g. Gregoria de Jesus) were overshadowed by their more dominant, male contemporaries – as a result of the education only being provided to a selected and privileged few –   during the American occupation, women have had their opportunity to enhance their talent by being educated on the craft. In addition, the growing popularity of works written by Filipina writers is the result of the growing audience appreciating literature by females.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippine Literature and Art during the American Period:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Short Story o  Ã‚   Poetry in English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Free Verse in Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Drama  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚   Notable Works of the American Period: o  Ã‚     Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1964) – Efren R. Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Eduardo Bautista Reyes, Rogelio L. Ordonez and Rogelio R. Sikat; this short story anthology brought fiction into the age of modernism;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Ako ang Daigdig (1940) – Alejandro G. Abadilla; free verse poem;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   o  Ã‚   Sa Dakong Silangan – Jose Corazon de Jesus; a poem written in the vernacular http://lourdesbraceros. weebly. com/a-brief-history-of-philippine-literature-in-english. html How to cite Philippine Literature, Papers Philippine Literature Free Essays Literature  (from  Latin  litterae  (plural);  letter) is the  art  of  written work  and can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The wordliterature  literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the  pars pro toto  term  Ã¢â‚¬Å"letters†Ã‚  is sometimes used to signify â€Å"literature,† as in the  figures of speech†arts  and letters† and â€Å"man of letters. † Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms—fiction and non-fiction—and two major techniques—poetry and prose. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such as  polemical  works as well asautobiography, and reflective essays as well as  belles-lettres. Literature can be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. The concept of  genre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall within a certain central theme, and examples of genre include  romance,  mystery,  crime,  fantasy,  erotica, and  adventure, among others. Important historical periods in  English literature  includeOld English,  Middle English, the  Renaissance, the 17th Century  Shakespearean  and  Elizabethan  times, the 18th Century  Restoration, 19th Century  Victorian, and 20th Century  Modernism. Important political movements that have influenced literature include  feminism,  post-colonialism,  psychoanalysis,  post-structuralism,  post-modernism,  romanticism, and  Marxism. Literature’s three main divisions When most people speak of literature they may be talking about short stories, novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks. This wide variety of terms describing types of literature, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all of this out is simplified when you take into account that the menagerie of types begins with three major paradigms: prose, poetry, and drama. Prose Prose  is derived from a Latin root word,  prosa, that means â€Å"straightforward† (other scholars argue that the root for â€Å"prose† is  proversa oratio,  which means † straightforward discourse. † Prose is generally defined as direct, common language presented in a straightforward manner. A victim of  identity by negation,  prose is frequently defined as â€Å"that which is not poetry. Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it is constructed strategically by the author to create specific meaning. Prose also contains  plot  and the attendant narrative structures of plot. In most cultures, prose narrative tends to appear after a culture has developed  verse. Prosege nres  are many and varied, ranging from science fiction to romance. The major generic divisions of prose are: * novel  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A lengthy fictional prose narrative. * novella  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to 100 pages, most common in science fiction and detective fiction. * short story  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a brief fictional prose narrative. anecdote  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A very brief account of some interesting, usually humorous, event. Poetry Poetry, from the Greek  poetes  which means â€Å"doer† or â€Å"creator,† is a catch-all term that is applied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is considered to be a subset of  verse  (and also considered to be superior to verse) both are rhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its â€Å"imaginative quality, intricate structure, serious or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose. † Most culture’s first serious literary works are poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod). The purposes of poetry are said to include: 1. A  didactic  purpose, meaning that it aims to instruct the reader. 2. Unique insight that is not available in other genres. 3. To provide pleasure to the reader. 4. To uplift the reader to some higher insight or meaning. Drama Drama, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From the Greekdran, meaning â€Å"to do,† drama is thought to have developed from ancient religious ceremonies. For instance, Greek  comedy  is traced to ancient fertility rites. Tragedy  (which comes from the Greek word How to cite Philippine Literature, Essay examples