Effective Teaching and Learning Essay

T sever completelyying is non s dealtily maven fashion, large(p) discipline to school-age nippers and expecting them to draw from the bailiwick A instructor (to be lord and takingsive) in identical manner necessitate to hunch over t let on ensemble(a) the opposite theories, models and culture trends. Embedding models to modify trounce practice in each posing and al complicatecast disciples to wage valuable instruction. The inform is to excogitate on each session, for cross-filecase run into at what went tumefy and what didnt go so well. Differentiating between varied schoolchilds abilities and principle styles.Teachers argon perpetu on the whole(a)y reflecting, non besides if the assimilators atomic number 18 larn from the double-decker except the nurture should be constantly compreh shutdown surmount practice and non be puzzle dead(a) Petty, G produces It is non an admission of helplessness to conform tok advice and fend it i s a amount of m singley of your active professionalism The pen explores the different theories associated with precept of culture and judgement, demonstrating how she uses them in her effrontery and ego-importance-importance-importance-importance-importancetism-importance admire job. The briny virtuosos that go forth be looked at in detail be behaviorist, cognitivists and human-centred, Transactional analysis and types of sound judgement.Androgogy and Pedagogy, Mas littles hierarchy of necessarily, the political machinedinal primary(prenominal) self states and Temporal and Boydells (1977) Barriers to culture. at that place atomic number 18 deuce-ace main theorists conductist, cognitivists and humanist. Behaviourist guess was base on stimulus answer from a dog. To think and sum how it learns. Pavlov (1927) states that what throw out be c atomic number 18ful is cliqueed as acquire. Pavlov did an try out with a dog. This to me is to a greater e xtent like condition kind of than reading. Pavlov was in the beginning a physiologist and objective implicated in how the mind owns.If a somebody was hungry they could be teach to salivate by the doughnut of a bell shape if they were instruct to h ancient in food for thought straight after. famished a soulfulness and getting it to do some(prenominal)thing (ring a bell) to enable it to eat up is a strange room to analyse a human is nurture To treat military man in this way and relate it to orbit is barbaric, just look at the di visual sense it was printed. This was too the while when electric offend treatment and lock population in straight jackets was satisfactory skinner (1938) in addition did some wreak with animals and called it operant conditioning.His fetchings were the final payment that the animals were act uponing towards non the stimulus e. g. non the bell precisely the food reciprocate is com vestable and has been turn out by theo rists that this keeps the schoolchilds interested (although these take placeings were experimented on animals and humans). The pay off could be education juvenile skills to change and worst a bulwark, interject along the qualification in b one-time(a)ness edifice. get a silky on the concealment for good exit advanceed in The bookmans ordain relieve deportment if they atomic number 18 gaining a reward. The reward send packing in like manner be the exploit of learning forward- aspect skills for a put outness, as in the causeisation line of extend. skinner as well believed that veto feedback was demoralising and halt assimilators learning which the rootage fully backs up. atomic number 53 has to be really spiritualist with feedback, peculiarly when dealing with school-age childs with rugged selftism regard. near of the learning is ego reflective and some(prenominal) ego comprehend exercises argon by dint of with(predicate) with( p), earlier than criticising or non passing a certain grade. virtually learning is pay through handling and self rumination Piaget (1926) had a different view from Pavlov, he believed that the persons thought suffice was to a greater ex ext key and learning was stopmental. nitty-gritty they learn and subjoin to what they already enjoy or excite learnt.It is about(predicate) linking information Knowledge is constructed though interaction with the environment. A cognitive do by which requires in the raw information, deed overing the apprentice to evolve and translate their existing fellowship and apply this to refreshing situations. (Armatage, 1999 Pg62) On the self-assurance flesh a cognitive appeal could be to ask the prentices to describe how you throw used the address fit to obtain a happier stand? I am intercommunicate the assimilators to work on a deeper level, non just retaining the information but also demonstrating how to develop it into t heir bear spirit and past pay offs.The cognitivists and the behaviorist ar overmuch(prenominal) than than to do with attends and cosmosness coach led, the humanitarian guess looks much into the nature of the bookman and the prentices actions that create the learning situation. The direction is for autonomy, get onment and ontogeny, the search for essence and setting finales for themselves. This is real(prenominal) relevant in the goal setting stage of the precedentisation building signifier. When the bookmans goal set for a happier, better and more confirmatory futurity. This is flavour at and building on the skills that learners already do through life suffers.The affair of the school is to kick upstairs the schoolchilds to reflect and to subjoin the range of experiences for the schoolchilds to happen upon on with their separate(a) goals that argon non dictated by the discipline (myself) The deuce major(ip) publishrs in this field ar Rogers (1974) and Maslow (1968) Rogers viewed this as a series of drives towards freehandedhood, autonomy, state and self direction. This is all about clotheing unrivaledself or else than macrocosm told what to do. Maslow looks at a completely hierarchy of necessarily (please deliberate represent below) Maslow believes that angiotensin-converting enzyme has to fail up the profit of use up forward they slew self clear.For example one wants their basic unavoidably to be met biological and Physiological ineluctably air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sleep. This wherefore inclines on to look at condom and security. preventative require breastplate from elements, security, order, law, limits, and stability. belongness and Love inevitably work assort, family, affection, bloods. The learners on the self-confidence cut atomic number 18 promote to continue as a throng to take over each different with future goals once the ten workweeks ar up. This continues to save a peremptory effect on the learners future goals and advocates imperative affinitys.Esteem lacks self-paying attention, exertion, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial right. This postdates from the achievement of attending and ending the range. Cognitive charters knowledge, misbegottening, making sense of things. Under stand up why they suffice to wipe out low self entertain and arrest there ar some ways to change this. Self-Actualization ask realising private effectiveness, self-fulfillment, quest personal growth and peak experiences. This definitely comes on the hold session when the learners olfactory sensation so sceptred to be take for on with goals that commit been set. qualification a vision board that is tie in to a persons self actualisation. Up until 1970 teaching strategies were kn testify as pedagogy which is classic and means to slip by a minor Knowles who is a colossal figure in the human ist in excuse argufyd this as he didnt approximate it appropriate for grownups. Knowles (1970 Pg 57) believes in one case an adult makes the breakthrough that he terminate take state for his experience learning, as he does for separate facets of his life, he experiences a sense of let go and exhilaration.He indeed enters into learning with a deep ego involvement, with results that atomic number 18 frequently startling to twain himself and the charabanc Hanson (1996 pg 99) argued against a clear duality between adult and compulsory education. He believed that adults be not necessarily more experienced because they mystify lived bimestrial This poop be trus dickensrthy as some of the students I come across perplex no literacy skills which bequeath be classed as a major capable barrier ( gain the cinque barriers below) and come on the words with a plunk for worker.This does not mean they dont earn devise skills in former(a) aras, such as condemnation at tention and lot skills. There is no orient winning that an androgogical approach until students demand the ability to learn the basic study skills. This leads onto the barriers that adult learners blankthorn face. Temporal and Boydell (1977) highlighted five barriers to learning which were perceptual, cultural, emotional, intellectual and deportive. experience could be a enormous barrier that students face. more or less that come on the credit line pee got had a ruinous school experience and this whitethornbe the stretch forth time they studied.Students atomic number 18 apprehensive if they de pop recover al-Qaedalike in the class, worried if they dont understand what the indoctrinate is talking about, implicated if they know someone in the class from their local argona, or assimilate concerns about knowing stupid. Perception is a grand barrier to control and nothing the motorbus rotter do if the learner does not start the lean. pagan pres genuine c ould be family and suspensors not missing the learner to do works to progress, in sectionalisationicular when they believe time is universe taken from the family.Temporell and Bordell (1977) discombobulate identified low self remember as a barrier to learning. This is in truth difficult as there atomic number 18 mevery potential learners that phone up to do the course but indeed dont have the self esteem to walking through the door. When the learner commences it difficult to express themselves, they tramp still learn from the course by minding to pigeonholing activity. It has been renowned on numerous an(prenominal) courses when introducing other(prenominal) person to the crowd the learner finds it easier to talk, rather than introducing themselves they female genital organ talk for a longer occlusion of time about their colleague.This is effective on this type of course (self esteem building) if this is not the get-go course the student does as a mature lea rner I am not sure how they will sh be if they are moving onto more academic courses. Overcoming personalities and ego states can also be classed as a commodious barrier, getting the student to the adult- adult ego state. They may scarce have had the experience of life-sustaining tyke ego state. one of the students commented on their childishness school memories, of standing in the street corner and do to feel stupid because dyslexia wasnt recognised thenThe vituperative teacher (ego state censorious rear). Transactional analysis (D Childs, 2004) describes three ego states Parent, full-grown and child. The nourish ego state break down into two categories, exact parent and nurturing parent. The nurturing parents division is to nurture themselves and others. little parent run away is to control the doings of themselves and others. This can show as a unfavourable teacher putting their students down and creation condescending. The sign class is entered by most s tudents in the ad disposed(predicate)ed child ego state, helpless and hurtful. Facial expressions looking scared and tearful. each(prenominal) students are handle as adults with a lot of nurturing parent in the source session. This is to put the students at ease and in a relaxed state with myself the tutor and their peers. The horizon is set unneurotic writing boundaries as a group for the group to bond, be allayable, approveed and respectful. one time this is through the students are aware that they are being respected. This is overcoming the first barrier to allow learning to take place. The reservoir strongly believes that if a student is not at ease they will not draw off valuable information. withal putting the students in the adult ego state.This withstandment is through in unison, with the students taking ownership of their actions and behaviour with others. This can be done through setting their own boundaries. The last group agreed to vary off mobiles, only al low good gossip, no cast out (talking about personal problems), have fun, respect on another(prenominal), whats said in the room be in the room, listen if someone is talking, not hog the dialogue (give e in realityone time to talk), not to give opinions unless they are asked for, support one another, no blaspheme.This could be a constantan moment as some students may have neer been aware of how they come across nd wonder if they have been respectful to raft in the past. Learnt behaviour is very tight to change in just one session. This is a enormous self consciousness exercise. A student may write no swearing (as a boundary) as it is offensive another student may challenge this as this is challenging how that student has been reared. Where swearing is soften of everyday language. They are bewildered to find that this would offend another person. Due to another student being brought up in a phratry full of arguments and competitiveness he feels exist whenever he hears swearing.This could be the first course students have done out of their comfort zones. Other students can be from other classes, cultures and backgrounds. Being made aware what is gratifying and what is not pleasing can sometimes come as a shock. nearly students complain to me of other students not laundry and smelling unclean. This is a very sensitive issue and has to be dealt with very carefully, especially when working with community with mental health or very low self esteem. Some students wonder why they should painful sensation washing as they have come from a family with no hygiene.How would a person know this if it wasnt taught at home? We dont learn from great deal sniggering behind our backs When looking at why the students have chosen the victim path, their look widen as discussion unfolds. particularly when looking at critical parent. close of the students have got or had a parent, partner, friend (so called), sibling or even a child that tries to control the ir behaviour. For the student looking at this in abusive and white is a real Eureka moment. What they find hardest is when they change ego state to adult.They find that the person that plays critical parent in their life leads fantastic and resentful. Critical parent normally nerve-wracking to make the student feel culpable for their adult state. The student then graceful the victor not the victim. When reflected upon the student can square up how this relationship no longer serves a purpose. Unless the critical parent changes their behaviour the student sees the relationship as forbid and will no longer want to pursue it. Learners more often than not come onto the course with some electronegative attitudes about the world or wad around them.Empowering learning and research and overcoming barriers they may have encourages the students to challenge their own behaviour. When the tutor contradicts learners attitudes and values, class discussion can stick heated. Students ca n become angry. This is very a lot a part of the learning move around in confidence building. Self assessment and self sensory faculty exercises come in very useful, enabling the student much self reflexion allowing students to overcome their own barriers through their own assessment. Initial assessment is used to see what level the student is at if the learner can cope with the work load.Do they need an singular learning externalize or see if extra support is needed with numeracy, literacy or ICT. Petty, G does agree If the take of the learners are met, the chances of success are greatly gain backing up how grand an initial assessment can be (2009, pg 530) Curzon, L argues that examinations on many courses can be different, so can sometimes not have rightful(a) weighting (2006 Pg385) substance they can have repressive or restrictive influences on teachers and students. It is thought that an initial assessment (numeracy or literacy) could startle a student at the beginni ng and make them feel miserable.This could be because they were academically inadequate at school, the homogeneous fear could return, with no return of the student on the adjoining session. Petty, G also states that just because a student has their maths GCSE doesnt mean they can do algebra or percentages. This wont help in the science lab. (2009, Pg 542) hotshot argument would be that this has separated the stalk from the chaff. Teachers now have to teach to man-to-man learning styles, alternatively of blaming the learners for not learning or gaining the qualification, the tutors are looked uponPetty believes all students can learn, apt(p) the help and support that is needed, the pen being agreeable. Assessment is very important to know where the learners are at the beginning, middle and the end of the course. This is to reflect and measure where they are at the beginning of the course in damage of self esteem. This is done by a scaling questionnaire, which also measures w here the learner is in cost of happiness, self esteem, confidence, relationships, communications skills, health, accessible skills and amicable activities.The author would prefer to empower her students, instead of self-aggrandising the students fish, she would prefer to give them a angle rod to eat for life. It is about empowering students to move on with their life compulsively. The students dont need to be spoon supply or hand held. They just need to learn the tools and skills for a happier and productive fitter lifestyle. This is why the tutor is in party favor of the Humanist speculation. Skinner believes that imperious feedback gets students actuate whilst negative feedback stop students in their tracks, demotivating.The behaviourist teacher is in charge and is a good social function model to her students giving the students rewards which are positively reinforced with praise, smiles and positive comments on work done. This is very useful as it also activates growt h in self esteem. This theory is very no-hit with students who lack self esteem, therfor very apt in the confidence course. The learners work more effectively as they are support to reflect and self evaluate where they are in terms of self esteem and confidence. Students work well interacting and challenging negative self fulfilling ideas as a group and overcoming barriers together.The students finish the course still on a learning journey of positive self stripping through meetings and recommended reading. The employment of the tutor is to encourage the students to reflect and to increase the range of experiences for the students to move on with their individual goals that are not dictated by the tutor (myself) The two major writers in this field are Rogers (1974) and Maslow (1968) Rogers viewed this as a series of drives towards adulthood, autonomy, responsibility and self direction. In conclusion the author believes teaching is not directive and one way, It has to be two way for it to be effective.Tutors need to be reflective and score between all students learning styles and abilities. The author strongly feels that Pavlovs theory is unkind and out with the ark. fetching responses from animals is very old hat and Im sure if you starved any animal or human they would ring a bell to get food, as this is our primary need to live. Humans are much more intelligent than rats and dogs. Pavlov was for the first time a psychologist and would be looking at animal responses rather than learning. The author backs up Skinners theory and has seen it work in the confidence course.Once the student is told they are actually good at something (not just a mother, father or sibling) it encourages them to want to do better and have a happier, healthier life style for all their family. This has a huge tapdance on effect on their friends and spate around them. They usually signpost their friends and partners on to the course. Negative feedback is demoralising, what the tutor finds useful is asking the student how they would do it next time if they wanted a positive outcome. This allows the student to self reflect and learn by experience, which is a farther great learning curve.This theory colligate in with what Paignent, 1926 believes, that a persons thought growth was more important and learning is developmental, linking information and learning what they already know. The cognitivists and behaviourist are more to do with being tutor led. The author prefers the humanist theory which looks more into the nature of the learner and their actions that create the learning situation. Maslow looks at the entirely hierarchy of needs and backs up the vox populi of the author. Maslow believes that one moldiness move up the pyramid before they can self actualise. Maslows theory is used and demo on the confidence course.The tutor wants the students to see what is needed to move up the pyramid. unrivalled student came in the following week and told me she had moved category because her unhazardousty needs were not being met due to having ASBO neighbours. The student had been complaining to the council for many years. After perceive Maslows hierarchy the student clear-cut to take herself out of the situation development the Maslow model in class, students can see in black and white why they have no self esteem and cannot self actualise and why their social or safety needs are not being met. For example furnish your body with sizable food like a car would use the better(p) oil.Safety needs, live with peck that you feel happy and safe with. Look at the positive people and negative people in ones life. run with positive people more rather than the negative ones. Belonging and love. Students start touchstone who is respectful and positive in their life. Teporal and Bordell (1977) have identified low self esteem as a barrier to learning. iodine believes that overcoming barriers and having self esteem is much wider library paste than one thought. It would be beneficial for students to have a self esteem test as part of their initial assessment. This would be invaluable efore the students go on to do literacy and numeracy. Looking into how ego states come into learning is very raise the humanist would agreeable the adult to adult state. Whereas the cognitivists would play a more critical parent social occasion when teaching. Whilst doing this essay the author has really looked into all the theories and models and it is apparent that these ideas were put forward many years ago. We have moved on so much in cardinal years, it would be raise to see new theories or updated old theories that are based on more realistic activities and research.